The most widely used vitamin A derivative for mild to severe acne is tretinoin. However, it is lipophilic (LogP 6.3). Tretinoin must be transformed into liquid lipids and NLC (nanostructured lipid carriers) based on Apifil® and stabilized by surfactants to address permeability and stability concerns. Heat homogenization and sonication with a sonicator probe were used to formulate tretinoin into NLC. Apifil®, Myritol®, and Chremophore® RH 40 were the materials utilized. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, adsorption effectiveness, and morphological measurements were then used to describe NLC. The characterization results showed that NLC tretinoin has a particle size of <200 nm for 2 measurements over 30 days, a polydispersity index value of 0.5, a zeta potential range of -7 mV to -19.3 mV, and an efficiency entrapment value of >80% for all formulas. Spherical shape emerged from the morphology data. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that tretinoin's nanostructured lipid carriers provide favorable characterization outcomes. Keywords: Diabetes, Metformin HCl, Extended release, Direct compressed,                     Hypromellose, Carboxymethylcellulose natrium.

Antioxidants are substances that can provide endogenous protection and exogenous oxidative stress by capturing free radicals. Many plants are efficacious as antioxidants, namely plants that contain polyphenols, especially flavonoids, so many are formulated as natural antioxidants. Plants such as Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, and Eleutherine bulbosa contain polyphenol compounds, especially flavonoids which are efficacious as natural antioxidants. This research aimed to study antioxidant activity derived from some potential plants using the DPPH method by calculating the IC50 value of each plant extract. This research method starts from the determination process to prove the validity of the plants used, the extraction process using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent, then the antioxidant activity of extracts from each plant was carried out using the DPPH method. This research starts from the determination process to ensure the correctness of the plants used, then the extraction process is carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. After that the antioxidant activity was determined from the four plants using the DPPH method to see the strongest IC50 value among the four plants. IC50 is the concentration of the sample to inhibit 50% of free radicals. The results of IC50 values from ethanol extract of M. calabura leaves, Syzygium cumini leaves, Ocimum basilicum leaves and Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, were 18.72; 63,84; 141.59 and 173.15 ppm. Ethanol extract of M. Calabura has a smaller IC50 value of 18.72 ppm which has a very strong and most powerful antioxidant from the ethanol extract of Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum and Eleutherine bulbosa. Keywords : Antioxidant, Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, Eleutherine bulbosa, DPPH Method

Astaxanthin has antioxidant activity ten times greater than carotenoids such as -carotene and a hundred times higher than vitamin E. However, its utilization is still limited because its solubility in water is very low which results in low absorption by the skin, resulting in low bioavailability. In this case, to increase the potency of astaxanthin, this research was aimed at the formulation and characterization of astaxanthin nanoemulsions using polysorbate 80 and polyethyleneglycol 400 as a mixture of surfactants with a ratio of 7:1; 8:1 and 9:1 with the method of making a combination of low and high energy emulsification. The data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for data on the pH of the preparation and the efficiency of adsorption while the pH test during freeze-thaw stability was analyzed by the Wiloxon test. Based on the test results, it was found that the nanoemulsion preparation with the smix 9:1 formula is the most optimum formula among other formulas, which is to produce preparations with quite good characteristics organoleptically and give a light orange color appearance, clear, distinctive smell with a pH value that meets the SNI standard 16-164399-1996 with pH values ranging from 7.13 to 7.15 and based on the centrifugation test gave stable results and had particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential values, respectively, 22.9 ± 9.4 nm, 0.435 and -21. ,4 mV and the value of entrapment efficiency ranges from 93.87% to 94.32%. However, the thermodynamic stability is not good enough. This is indicated by the instability of the preparation during the freeze-thaw test with the results of changes in color, transparency and changes in pH.Keywords: Nanoemulsion, Astaxanthin, Polyethyleneglycol 400, Polysorbate 80, Surfactants

Leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at a  base on potency test of 50%, where the bacteria are the cause of boils. Some of effort to facilitate the use and increase the activity of active substances, then ointments are prepared on a variety of ointment bases. This study aims to prepared Manilkara zapota L leaf extract into ointment formulations, and chosed the best of ointment base formulations that meets the requirements standards for good ointment preparations. The extract was obtained by maceration using ethanol 96%. Ointments are formulated with four different types of ointment bases, which are hydrocarbon base, absorbing base, water removed bases, and water soluble base. The ointment that has been produced is tested for the physical characteristics such as organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadibility, adhesion, and viscosity had been tested on manufactured ointments. The results of this study indicate that leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L can be formulated into ointment preparations, variations in the ointment base affect the physical characteristics of ointment preparations.Keywords: Ointment, Manilkara zapota L Leaf, Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus

Drug discovery in general requires high costs and especially a very long time, which is around 11-16 years. This is because drug development must go through a complete series of research processes to obtain comprehensive data. However, in line with the community's need for the availability of quality drugs, having good efficacy and safety, the development of drug development technology using a computing system is carried out. This is in line with the development of science and collaboration between various disciplines. Approaches that can be used for computational drug discovery include Structure-Based Drug Design and Ligand Based Drug Design which are proven to accelerate and increase the possibility of finding new drugs. This article aims to provide an overview of several approaches to drug discovery development, especially the benefits of computational. The data were collected from 28 primary published journals and 28 supporting literatures. This article discusses the two computational methods, especially from the application aspect which is expected to be useful in the field of drug discovery and development to be more efficient in terms of time and cost. The traditional approach to new drug development takes about 11-16 years but using computational methods can shorten the drug discovery stage to 9-13 years. Keywords: Drug Discovery, Ligand Based CADD, Structure-Based CADD

Sargassum cristaefolium is one of 782 types of seaweed/macroalgae that grows in Indonesia and is known as one of the macroalgae with bioactive compounds having an important role in the development of nutraceuticals for disease prevention and health maintenance. Sargassum cristaefolium extract (SCE) is known for its various beneficial activities such as antimigraine by reducing levels of CGRP and inhibitor of tyrosinase activity in anti-melanogenetics. Nevertheless, due to its hygroscopic viscous extract consistency and fishy odor, a suitable formulation is required to prepare a powder form of SCE and thus could be applied in a suitable dosage form. Our current study aims to develop the extract into suitable powder raw material by applying a solid dispersion technique.  The solid dispersion of SCE was initially prepared by selecting suitable carrier agents such as Aerosil, Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH 101, maltodextrin, and PVP K30 with the extract in a ratio of 1:1, and continued by the combination of the carrier agents. The best powder formula was characterized by its powder characteristic, solubility and powder flow was assessed by its angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner ratio.  The experiment results that the optimum formulation for solid dispersion of SCE was obtained by the combination of SCE:PVP: MCC at a ratio of 1:1:3 with a less fishy smell, and excellent powder properties. The composite mixture was estimated due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group of PVP and the hydroxyl group of SCE’s compound and MCC. In conclusion, solid dispersion of SCE by employing a combination of PVP and MCC can be an alternative to prepared SCE powder with optimum humidity protection and good flowability thus suitable to proceed as solid dosage form.  Keywords: Sargassum cristaefolium, solid dispersion, PVP K30, Microcrystalline                      cellulose PH101

Application of stimuli-responsive star polymers in cancer targeting and drug delivery has been extensively researched because of their several advantages in comparison with their linear counterparts. Functionalization and recombination of various arm architectures of the star polymer are very possible to be conducted to suit various needs. The star polymers could not only load more therapeutic drug due to more arms than linear polymers but also be functionalized with targeted moieties for more targeted delivery. Furthermore, the chains in star polymers could be regulated to produce stimuli-responsive star polymer for cancer targeting. The review article aimed to describe the benefits of star polymers and the types of stimuli-responsive delivery system for cancer targeting. Over the last decade, stimuli-responsive star polymers for cancer targeting using either internal stimuli (e.g., pH, redox, enzyme, hypoxia) or external stimuli (e.g., thermal, ultrasound, light, magnetic) has garnered immense interest for researchers. Possibility to mimic a complex natural phenomenon  could be achieved by incorporating various stimuli-responsive functionalities in the star polymer.

Free radicals are unstable molecules that lose electrons in their outer orbitals. These compounds can be toxins for the human body and cause various degenerative diseases. To avoid this, we need antioxidants. Examples of common sources of antioxidants are turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) and mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.). Both of these plants have very strong antioxidant activity but have a less favorable taste for consumption. This study aimed to obtain tablets containing turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract that can cover the taste with a variety of binders. Subsequently, we observed the antioxidant  activity of two extracts before and after preparation. The tableting method was wet granulation and the characterization included the physical properties of the tablets. The levels of curcumin, alpha mangosteen, and total polyphenols were also checked. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method. Based on the characterization results, NaCMC 5% was the best binder for preparing tablets containing turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract with a flow rate of 11.434 g/s, repose’s angle of 29.39ᵒ, loss on drying of 2.65%, carr’s index of 15.22, hardness of 43N, friability of 0.926%, and disintegration time of 16.44 minutes. The antioxidant test result showed that the combination of turmeric extract and mangosteen rind extract with a ratio of 1:2 had the best antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 31.01 µg/ml, alpha mangosteen level of 29.77%, and curcumin level of 27.22%. The antioxidant activity of the preparation was not changed significantly after tableting. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the tablet formulation of turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract using 5% NaCMC can be potentially used as an antioxidant supplement.

Variations in inhaler leaflet information may affect the understanding of inhalation techniques.We aimed to determine the effectiveness of standardized and package leaflets in describing correct inhaler usage and to identify any existing pitfalls. This prospective, randomized, open-labeled, blinded endpoint study with a 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted in August2019. We included 38 pharmacy students who did not use inhalers and allocated them into 4 groups:  2 groups used standardized leaflets (with 1 and  2 devices, respectively),  while the other  2 groups used package leaflets (with 1 and  2 devices, respectively). The participants were instructed on the essential techniques of using each inhaler and asked to practice using the assigned leaflets until the procedures were completely learned. The primary outcome was evaluated the following day as the score rate (%) of the technique. The effectiveness of leaflets stratified by the number of devices was  tested using a two-way analysis of variance with an interaction term. We compared techniques with different implementation rates between groups to identify potential pitfalls. The differences and 95% confidence interval in the score rate (%) between the groups using standardized or package leaflets were significantly different in the two-device group analysis. The implementation rate of certain instructions between the two-device groups was higher when using standardized leaflets for both devices. Standardized leaflets enhanced the comprehension of inhalation techniques for multiple devices due to their normalized wording. These findings may help improve package leaflets and healthcare professionals' instructions, thereby promoting appropriate inhaled medication use.

Currently, the use of PRP requires a person to visit a skin care clinic by doing a series of treatments directly. Therefore, in order to facilitate the use of PRP, asiaticoside lotion base products containing antioxidants can be used as a PRP product base. asiaticoside antioxidants serve to stabilize PRP when added to the base. This research uses Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Asiaticosida as active substances, Fancor® Uni-Embase as emollient and emulgator, DMDM hydantoin as preservative, and distilled water as carrier. The stages in this research include preparation of tools and materials, lotion base optimization, lotion preparation formulation, addition of active substances, lotion preparation evaluation, physical stability test, and antioxidant activity test. The results of the PRP lotion stability test with asiaticoside for 10 days showed significant results (p<0.05) which means that for 10 days there is a tendency to be unstable. Antioxidant activity test results obtained IC50 results on Asiaticosida of 57.63 µg/mL, on PRP of 196.1 µg/mL, on the base with the addition of Asiaticosida of 77.19 µg/mL, on F0 of 166.90 µg/mL, on F1 of 96.727 µg/mL, on F2 of 88.395 µg/mL, and on F3 of 82.017 µg/mL.Keywords: Lotion, PRP, asiaticoside, Antioxidant

As a type of cosmetic preparation products, cream dosage form is widely used with the addition of active substances having antioxidant activities, such as vitamin C and its derivatives. Sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) can be used in topical formulation due to its more stable properties than ascorbic acid. However, it is difficult to deliver SAP into the dermis in a suficient dose. To overcome the problem, occasionally we can add a penetration enhancer. In some literature, emollients that often added in cosmetic preparations also have another effect as a penetration enhancer. The purpose of this research was to observe wether emollient addition could influence the penetration of SAP in the cream formulation or not. SAP was formulated into four formulations with three different emollients: dimethicone (F1), capric triglyceride (F2), and isopropyl myristate (F3) and a formulation without the addition of emollients (F4). The diffusion test was performed by Franz's diffusion cell method using male wistar rat’s abdominal membrane as a standard model of the skin barrier. The result of stability test showed that SAP cream was stable at room temperature but unstable on freeze thaw condition described by significant different values for all formulas. Nonetheless, the diffusion test showed that F2 with the capric triglyceride as emollient had the highest ability to pass SAP through the membrane, followed by isopropyl miristate. We concluded that emollient addition could influence the penetration of the cream of SAP.Keywords: vitamin c, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbyl phospate, emollient, penetration enhancer

Quercetin derivatives are known to have significant anticancer activity. The activity is strongly influenced by the type and position of the substituent group. By studying the structural pattern of quercetin and its impact on their binding affinity, the development of quercetin-based drugs can be optimized. The study aimed to determine the impact of 3D structure, type, and position of quercetin moiety on its activity against ROS-modulating enzymes that play a role in the induction and growth of ROS-induced cancer. The 23 natural quercetin derivatives were docked to 7 ROS-modulating enzymes using Autodock Vina to determine their binding affinity and interaction. The interaction stability was further studied through molecular dynamics simulation using the CABS Flex 2.0 server. Determination of crucial amino acid targets of the quercetin group was determined using DockFlin. Finally, the toxicity of each test ligand was determined using the pkCSM server. The highest binding affinity for SOD and NOX was produced by quercetin 3'-glucoside with the binding energy of -10.2 and -12.8 kcal/mol. Quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside had the highest binding affinity for CAT and GR at -11.5 and -10.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Routine produced the highest binding affinity at LOX (-10.9). Quercetin 3-O-xyloside and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside had the highest binding affinity in XO with a value of -10.4 kcal/mol. The glucose and prenyl groups are beneficial for quercetin in interacting with all ROS-modulating enzymes except XO. In contrast, the methoxy group negatively affects all interactions of quercetin with receptors. The perfect fit between the binding pocket and the 3D structure of the ligand greatly benefits the ligand in accessing more amino acids in the binding pocket. Their interaction stability and toxicity show that quercetin 3'-glucoside, quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside, and rutin are potent oxidative stress modulators in treating ROS-induced cancer.

The dissolution of tablets is one of a drug absorption determinant. Disintegrant agent has play an important role on determining the dissolution of tablets. In this experiment, the dissolution behaviours of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Tablet was studied using various disintegrant agent such as Low substituted – Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (L–HPC) 21, L–HPC 22 and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) as comparator. Those disintegrant agents were used at three concentration (6%, 7% and 8%) for every tablets formula. Tablets were made by wet granulation method and pressed using single punch 13 mm flat E. Korsch machine. Evaluation of each tablets quality were conducted include for uniformity of weight and size (diameter and thickness), hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution. Physically standards from tablets were in good condition, the standards of the weight and thickness uniformity, hardness and friability met the requirement. The dissolution profile on Acetaminophen Tablets showed that only tablet with 6 % L–HPC 21 did not meet the requirement of FI V (Q = 80%, 30 minutes), but on Ibuprofen Tablets where met the requirement of  FI V (Q = 80%, 60 minutes) only tablet with 8%  L– HPC 21,  7% and 8% SSG. The conclusion of the study was the L–HPC has more disintegrant character at hydrophilic active ingredients. Key words:  Acetaminophen Tablet, Ibuprofen Tablet, SSG, L-HPC 21 and 22, Dissolution Profile

Increasing production in the industry is important to face the current global competition. Therefore, a performance measurement system is needed for the manufacturing process. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method for monitoring and improving the efficiency of manufacturing processes. In this article, overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is described as one of the performance measurement tools that measure different types of production losses and shows areas of process improvement. The analysis is done on how OEE evolved leads to other tools such as the performance of the total equipment effectiveness, such as the effectiveness of production equipment, the effectiveness of the overall plant, and the effectiveness of the asset as a whole. OEE consist of three metric measurement; availability, performance, and quality. Purpose of review articles is to apply these metrics to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of production activity in pharmaceutical industry and to categorize the highly occurence of loss productivity in the production activity that takes place in industry, especially pharmaceutical industry. This review included studies published in ScienceDirect database with the keyword “Lean Manufacturing” and “Overall Equipment Effectiveness”. The results obtained from study of the primary source is the OEE can be used to optimize the production process in the industry, especially the pharmaceutical industry, because this method can produce products efficiently and with the good quality of products that leads to consumer’s satisfactory.

The ophthalmic solutions have a major problem that is the poor bioavailability, such as the attainment of optimal drug concentration at the site of action, which is compromised mainly due to precorneal loss resulting in only small fraction of the drug being ocularly absorbed. This is overcome by developing an in situ ophthalmic gel which increases the retention time of the drug. The present review describes the formulation and evaluation of in situ gel-forming ophthalmic drug delivery system of an anti allergy drug sodium cromoglycate, an anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium and aceclofenac based on the pH triggered concept in situ gelation. All the formulations varies in concentration and the content used. Based on the results obtained, Sodium cromoglycate which has been formulated with gelrite and HPMC E15LV has the highest ocular residence time compared to the other two formulations.Keywords: Ophthalmic in situ gel,sodium cromoglycate, diclofenac sodium,                      aceclofenac, gelrite, HPMC E15LV

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that has been widely used and has strong efficacy, but the use of warfarin is still a concern because of its narrow therapeutic index which cause interactions when co-administration with drugs, herbs or food. This interaction can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin and the most fatal effect from warfarin interactions is bleeding. In this review article data on warfarin-herbs interactions were collected based on pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-∞, Cmax, T1/2, Cl/F, and V/F), while pharmacodynamic parameters (International normalized ratio (INR), platelet aggregation, AUC INR and Protombine Time). As a result some herbs had significant interactions with warfarin. Herbs that affect warfarin pharmacokinetic were Danshen gegen, echinacea, St. John's wort and caffeine and herbs that affect pharmacodynamic were policosanol, Ginkgo biloba, cranberry, St. John's wort, ginseng, pomegranate, Psidium guajava and curcumin, so co-administration warfarin with herbs need to be considered.Keywords: Warfarin, Interactions, Herbs, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics

Carvedilol is included in the BCS class 2 classification, drugs that have low solubility and high permeability. Drugs with low solubility pose a major challenge for oral drugs in achieving the desired systemic circulation. Moreover, carvedilol is indicated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and hypertension which requires a rapid pharmacological response. A way to increase drug solubility is by forming multicomponent crystals, including solvates, cocrystals, and salts. Cocrystal and salt formation methods are the most frequently used methods in the pharmaceutical field. The multicomponent crystal approach is a process of combining active drug ingredients with other compounds known as coformers which then interact through molecular bonds. Multicomponent crystals provide benefits to improve the physicochemical properties of drugs without affecting their pharmacological properties. In this review, we discuss the multicomponent crystal approach as an effort to increase the solubility and bioavailability of carvedilol. The main reference data used in this review are research journals published in the last 10 years (2012-2022) using the keywords carvedilol, multicomponent crystal, solubility, bioavailability, and using Google Scholar as a database. There is also a discussion on regulation of cocrystals, methods for forming multicomponent crystals, and characterization of multicomponent crystals. The multicomponent crystal approach has promising benefits in increasing the solubility and bioavailability of carvedilol in the body. Keywords: Carvedilol, multicomponent crystal, solubility, bioavailability

Lip balm is a cosmetic product generally used to care for, moisturize, decorate, and protect lips from environmental influences. This study aims to determine the effect of variations inconcentration of cera alba as base on the lip balm physical properties of yellow pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne)ethanol extract. The experimental design used was a pre-experimental one-shot case study. This study employed three formulas with varying concentrations of Cera alba, namely 10% (F1), 15% (F2), and 20% (F3). The physical properties of the lip balm under investigation included homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and hardness. The results showed that the variation concentration of cera alba had affect on adhesion and hardness, while not affect the homogeneity of physical properties and pH. Keywords : Yellow pumpkin, cera alba, lip balm

The pharmaceutical industry produces a various toxic wastes. Generated waste increases the risk of environmental and ecosystem pollution. It is necessary to have proper waste management to prevent waste pollution to the environment. In 1999, WHO published “Guidelines for the Safe Disposal of Unwanted Pharmaceuticals in and after Emergencies”, that contain treatments and safe disposal method, which is appropriate for any country. Many countries had developed and published regulations and guidelines on waste management. This article aimed to review the handling of pharmaceutical industrial waste in five countries in Asia. This review included studies from ProQuest, Crossref, and Google Scholar.  The pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia, India, Japan, Thailand, and China has their own state regulations in order to protect the environment. They also had implemented pharmaceutical industrial waste management following their regulation and guidelines. The method used to treat the waste is similar with WHO guideline. Some factors affecting the country regulations are the insufficient of land and waste management facilities, lack of awareness, low penalties, limited infrastructures, lack of waste testing facilities. The challenge in the future to handle pharmaceutical waste are increasing waste volume, decreasing land for waste management, sewer methods may contaminate water, possible air pollution due to incineration, so it is necessary to have more advanced methods in waste management that are safe for the environment and humans.Keywordz: Industry, Pharmaceutical, Waste Regulation, Asia

Several risk factors for falls during hospitalization have been reported, of which hypnotics have a major influence. Insomnia is often intractable, and many cases are treated with two or more hypnotics; however, there is concern about the increased risk of falls due to the use of multiple hypnotics. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of combining conventional and new hypnotics on the risk of falls. The impact of the concomitant use of hypnotics on the occurrence of fall events was evaluated retrospectively in patients 20 years of age and older received acute care medicine in a university hospital between January 2013 and August 2022. The survey items included age, sex, drug prescription status, whether a fall accident had occurred, and its circumstances. Of the 47,236 eligible patients, 976 experienced a fall accident during hospitalization (fall rate, 2.07%). Logistic regression analysis of the patient population not taking benzodiazepine receptor agonists showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.04), sex (OR, 0.84), and ramelteon use (OR, 3.06) independently contributed to falls. In contrast, in the patient population taking benzodiazepine receptor agonists, logistic regression analysis showed that only age (OR: 1.03) and sex (OR: 0.76) independently contributed to falls. This suggests that ramelteon, suvorexant, and lemborexant, in combination with benzodiazepines, may not increase the risk of falls. Hypnotics with novel mechanisms of action may not increase the risk of fall when combined with benzodiazepine receptor agonists. evaluasi. Keywords: fall risk, hypnotics, acute care hospitals