Negara memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakatnya. Pemberian bantuan sosial merupakan salah satu bentuk pemberian pelayanan oleh pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyatnya dan sebagai bentuk kepedulian dan tanggung jawab. Bantuan sosial pun juga contoh bantuan sosial yang diberikan pemerintah adalah Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT) dan Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH). Namun dalam prakteknya, pemberian bantuan sosial banyak terjadinya polemik seperti belum meratanya pembagian bantuan sosial, tidak tepat sasaran dalam distribusi bantuan sosial, adanya subjektivitas dalam penentuan penerima bantuan, dan masyarakat yang berhak tidak mendapatkan bantuan. Permasalahan itu terjadi karena proses pengambilan data yang tumpang tindih antar institusi pemerintahan yang membuat data menjadi tidak valid dan juga tidak ada pembaharuan data pada jangka waktu tertentu. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini untuk membuat gagasan adalah studi literatur dengan membaca buku, artikel, ilmiah, dan kabar berita. Permasalahan itu terjadi karena proses pengambilan data yang tumpang tindih antar institusi pemerintahan yang membuat data menjadi tidak valid dan juga tidak ada pembaharuan data pada jangka waktu tertentu. metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini untuk membuat gagasan adalah studi literatur dengan membaca buku, artikel, ilmiah, dan kabar berita. Melalui tulisan ini kami berupaya untuk membuat skema dalam pengumpulan data, verifikasi data, dan pendistribusian bantuan sosial agar permasalahan-permasalahan yang ada bantuan sosial bisa dihindari. Skema dibuat berdasarkan permasalahan yang ada sebagai alternatif solusi. Skema yang dibuat bernama communication information service central berbasis masyarakat dimana masyarakat berkontribusi besar dalam pengelolaan pelayanan sosial.

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas sebagai upaya dari implementasi Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) tujuan 5 (5.3) sebagai salah satu program pembangunan internasional PBB mengenai kasus pernikahan anak di Indonesia. Kasus pernikahan anak merupakan salah satu bagian dari kekerasan berbasis gender (KGB). Pernikahan anak termasuk perbuatan ilegal karena melanggar HAM, dan konvensi hak anak. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang telah meratifikasi program pembangunan internasional tersebut, berkomitmen untuk dapat menjalankan dan mengimplementasikan program-program SDGs khususnya pada tujuan 5 (5.3). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, dan menggunakan perspektif pembangunan internasional dan Perspektif Feminis Dalam Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Gender sebagai alat analisis, serta yang menjadi objek dalam penelitian ini adalah Indonesia sebagai aktor utama dalam melaksanakan program SDGs tujuan 5 (5.3). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa indikator pelaksanaannya yaitu, Indonesia telah melaksanakan dan mengimplementasikan SDGs tujuan 5 (5.3) dengan membuat program-program kesetaraan gender dan pemberdayaan perempuan dan perlindungan anak, dengan bekerjasma dengan badan-badan internasional seperti UNICEF dan UN Women. Serta keseriusan lainnya yaitu dengan merevisi Undang-Undang perkawinan dengan menaikan usia minimal pernikahan bagi laki-laki dan perempuan dari usia 16 tahun menjadi 19 tahun. Hal tersebut tentu saja bertujuan untuk mengurangi kasus pernikahan anak di Indonesia.  This paper aims to look at effectiveness as an effort to implement Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goal 5 (5.3) as one of the UN's international development programs regarding child marriage cases in Indonesia. The case of child marriage is one part of gender-based violence (KGB). Child marriage is illegal because it violates human rights and conventions on the rights of children. Indonesia, as one of the countries that have ratified the international development program, is committed to being able to carry out and implement SDGs programs, especially on goal 5 (5.3). The method used is a qualitative method and uses an international development perspective and a Feminist Perspective in Gender Planning and Development as an analysis tool, and the object of this research is Indonesia as the main actor in implementing the SDGs program goal 5 (5.3). The results of this study indicate that the implementation indicator is that Indonesia has carried out and implemented SDGs goal 5 (5.3) by creating programs for gender equality and women's empowerment and child protection, in collaboration with international agencies such as UNICEF and UN Women. As well as other seriousness, namely by revising the Marriage Law by increasing the minimum age of marriage for men and women from 16 years to 19 years. This of course aims to reduce cases of child marriage in Indonesia.

Problem mantan narapidana terorisme setelah keluar dari lembaga pemasyarakatan, adanya stigma negative dari masyarakat dan minimnya modal dan tidak memiliki lahan. Hal ini kalua tidak mendapat perhatian pemerintah dan masyarakat serta keluarga, dapat dimanfaatkan kembali oleh kelompok-kelompok radikal untuk direktrut kembali. Pembangunan Kawasan Khusus Nusantara dalam program Penanggulangan Terorisme, bertujuan untuk memberikan saran pembelajaran dan mendorong kemajuan pembangunan dan perekonomian daerah sehingga mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan mantan narapidana terorisme dan  masyarakat sekitarnya yang pada akhirnya mampu meminimalisir gerakan radikal terorisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan  metode deskripsi dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Responden penelitian, yaitu mantan napiter, keluarga, jaringan, masyarakat sekitarnya dan penyintas, pemda, akademisi, kementerian/lembaga, dan swasta. Pengumpulan  data dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, studi pusaka, studi dokumentasi dan FDG. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa para mantan napiter, setelah kembali ke masyarakat sangat sulit untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sejumlah hambatan dan sangsi sosial. Disarankan perlunya pembangunan kawasan khusus nusantara untuk para mantan napiter, keluarga, jaringannya, masyarakat sekitarnya dan penyintas guna menghasilkan nilai ekomoni untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sehingga meminimalkan paham radikal terorisme.

The 2020 State Higher Education Entrance Joint Selection (SBMPTN) is carried out completely computer-based (CBT), with the number of participants served as many as 713,319 participants which in its implementation requires the availability of an adequate number of test equipment at each State University Computer-Based Test (CBT) Center. This has an impact on the length of the exam administration time with a large number of exam sessions. This condition requires good governance related to the assignment of people in the administration of the State University (CBT) Center especially in the conditions of the Covid 19 pandemic, where the implementation of the CBT SBMPTN in 2020 is faced with conditions of crowd restrictions and the application of health protocols that are strictly enforced. Of course, it requires unusual treatment.This study aims to see how the governance of the exam implementation in the Covid-19 pandemic conditions, covering institutional aspects, human resources, exam systems and infrastructure from planning, implementation to evaluation. Practically, this study aims to provide input for policy improvement in the form of recommendations for good governance models in the implementation of the Joint Selection for State Universities in Indonesia during the Covid 19 pandemic.The research was conducted using qualitative methods. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of computer-based examination governance in the Covid-19 pandemic requires a breakthrough outside the normal conditions of the examination, especially in the substance and number of items tested as well as the allocation of participants in the session and exam room.

Artikel ini dilatarbelakangi oleh permasalahan perbatasan yang terjadi antara India dan Tiongkok, dimana permasalahan tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan pandangan terkait letak dari garis perbatasan. Terdapat dua area yang menjadi letak dari sengketa, yaitu Aksai Chin di bagian barat dan Arunanchal Pradesh di bagian timur. Meskipun permasalahan masih terjadi, kedua negara sudah berusaha untuk melakukan tandatangan di beberapa perjanjian internasional tentang isu sengketa perbatasan ini. Selain itu, perjanjian terbaru yang ditandantangani kedua negara adalah Border Defence Cooperation Agreement (BDCA) di tahun 2013. Dengan menggunakan beberapa konsep Determinan Kebijakan Luar Negeri artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwasanya setiap konsep determinan tersebut memiliki variasi pengaruh bagi keputusan India untuk menandantangani BDCA, dikarenakan permasalahan perbatasan antara India dan Tiongkok belum bisa terselesaikan. Hal ini disebabkan mengingat di satu sisi, India masih berpegang teguh terhadap klaim yang ada di sepanjang perbatasan karena faktor keamanan. This article is motivated by border problems that occur between India and China, where these problems are caused by different views regarding the location of the border line. There are two areas where the dispute lies, namely Aksai Chin in the west and Arunanchal Pradesh in the east. Even though the problems still occur, the two countries have attempted to sign several international agreements on the issue of this border dispute. In addition, the latest agreement signed by the two countries is the Border Defense Cooperation Agreement (BDCA) in 2013. By using several concepts of Foreign Policy Determinants, this article concludes that each of these determinant concepts has various influences on India's decision to sign the BDCA, because border issues between India and China cannot be resolved. This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, India still adheres to claims along the border due to security factors.

This manuscript examines strategies for strengthening defense and security to support economic and trade development in North Sulawesi, which faces multidimensional challenges and requires cross-sectoral synergy among the government, security apparatus, and economic actors to achieve regional stability and sustainable growth. These strategies are directed toward enhancing defense capacity, maritime security, and border surveillance in order to create a more conducive environment for investment and international trade activities. The research method employed is qualitative-descriptive, emphasizing the collection, analysis, and presentation of data and facts through literature studies (secondary sources) and primary data where possible. Data validation is carried out through SWOT analysis and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is used to determine strategy priorities by comparing criteria pairwise and testing the consistency of results with a Consistency Ratio (CR) of 0.07, indicating methodological validity and analysis consistency. The data sources include various institutions operating in North Sulawesi, such as the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries for maritime violation data, the Air Force for patrol and surveillance data, and intelligence and security data from local and central government agencies. This approach identifies challenges such as non-traditional security threats like smuggling and maritime boundary infringements, and suboptimal cross-sectoral coordination. The study offers strategic solutions for stakeholders to strengthen the defense-security synergy while promoting sustainable economic and trade development in North Sulawesi's border area. Additionally, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured decision-making tool that ranks alternatives based on multiple criteria through pairwise comparisons, enabling priority setting with quantitative consistency. This summary reflects the main points of the manuscript you provided. If you need it formatted formally for a publication or presentation, that can be arranged. Naskah ini mengkaji strategi penguatan pertahanan dan keamanan guna mendukung perkembangan ekonomi dan perdagangan di Sulawesi Utara, yang menghadapi tantangan multidimensional dan membutuhkan sinergi lintas sektor antara pemerintah, aparat keamanan, dan pelaku ekonomi untuk mewujudkan stabilitas kawasan serta pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan. Strategi tersebut diarahkan pada peningkatan kapasitas pertahanan, keamanan maritim, dan pengawasan perbatasan untuk menciptakan iklim investasi dan aktivitas perdagangan internasional yang lebih kondusif. Metode yang digunakan secara kualitatif-deskriptif dengan menekankan pada pengumpulan, analisis, dan penyajian data serta fakta melalui penelitian kepustakaan (literatur) dari sumber sekunder maupun data primer. Validasi data dilakukan melalui analisis SWOT dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP digunakan untuk menentukan prioritas strategi dengan membandingkan kriteria secara berpasangan dan menguji konsistensi hasil dengan Consistency Ratio (CR) yang diperoleh sebesar 0,07 (di bawah 0,1), menunjukkan validitas metodologis dan konsistensi hasil analisis. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa  pertahanan dan keamanan di Sulawesi Utara saat ini masih menghadapi keterbatasan dalam hal sumber daya, infrastruktur strategis, serta efektivitas koordinasi antarinstansi. Selain itu, beberapa tantangan yang dihadapi oleh Pertahanan dan Keamanan di Sulawesi Utara meliputi keterbatasan infrastruktur pertahanan, ancaman keamanan non-tradisional seperti penyelundupan dan pelanggaran batas laut, serta koordinasi lintas sektor yang belum optimal. Oleh karena itu,penelitian ini  memberikan solusi strategis bagi para pemangku kepentingan dalam memperkuat sinergi pertahanan-keamanan dan mendorong pembangunan ekonomi serta perdagangan yang berkelanjutan di wilayah perbatasan tersebut. Kesimpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa stabilitas ekonomi lebih kuat di negara-negara NATO dibandingkan BRICS, yang memiliki implikasi bagi kebijakan ekonomi dan strategi pengembangan di masa depan. Temuan ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi pembuat kebijakan dalam merancang strategi ekonomi yang lebih adaptif terhadap dinamika pasar global dan risiko volatilitas produksi.

The major problems of Indonesian rural development are unemployment, poverty, and inequality. To solve these problems, instead of giving direct financial assistance, the government prefers to facilitate the rural community on generating their own income by involving them in the economic activities through the establishment of Village Owned Enterprise (VOE). However, the establishment of VOE does not automatically empower the rural community. In many cases, VOEs compete with the existing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) then fail to empower rural community. Therefore, the effectivity of VOE’s role to empower rural community is still questionable. This paper will answer above question using systematic literature review and mapping the pathways of VOE on empowering the rural community, then finds the significant variables influence the effectivity of VOE to empower the rural community. Those variables are local economic potential, community participation, and business scaling up. Since the number of VOE in Indonesia is continuously increasing but only 20 percent of them has active transactions, this study contends that scaling up the VOE business is the key issue to empower the rural community and recommends further strategy to scale up the VOE business.

Kajian ini berusaha untuk memahami sekuritisasi dalam kebijakan food estate ditinjau dari tiga aspek. Pertama, proses sekuritisasi. Kedua, konsekuensi dari sekuritisasi terhadap sifat dari kebijakan. Ketiga, keberhasilan sekuritisasi berdasarkan modalitasnya.  Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut penulis melakukan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari berbagai buku, jurnal, berita sebagai bahan informasi utama.  Penulis menemukan bahwa proses sekuritisasi terjadi dalam beberapa tahap. Pertama, melakukan speech act untuk menunjukkan adanya ancaman pangan yang eksistensial. Kedua, mengajukan food estate sebagai solusi atas ancaman tersebut. Konsekuensi dari sekuritisasi adalah adanya tindakan luar biasa yang diambil oleh pemerintah. Tindakan luar biasa yang dimaksud dapat dicirikan dengan tiga aspek yaitu: tiadanya partisipasi yang berarti, adanya pelanggaran asas hukum, dan menjadikan kementerian pertahanan sebagai leading sector dalam food estate. Adapun ditinjau dari keberhasilan sekuritisasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor, yaitu: kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap otoritas yang tinggi, securitizing act yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan pengalaman historis dari kebijakan food estate yang pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. This study seeks to understand the process of securitization, describe and analyze the success of the process in the Jokowi administration's food estate policy. To achieve this goal, the author conducted qualitative research using secondary data from various books, journals, and news as the main information material.  The author found that the securitization process occurs in two stages. Firstly, the government uses speech acts to show an existential food threat. Secondly, the government uses food estate as a solution to the threat. The author also finds that securitization provides legitimacy for the government to take extraordinary actions. This extraordinary action can be seen from three indicators, namely: the absence of meaningful participation, the violation of legal principles, and the establishing the defense ministry as the leading sector in the food estate. In terms of the success of securitization carried out by the government, is influenced by three factors, namely: high public trust in authority, securitizing acts carried out by the government, and historical experience from previous food estate policies.

After the 2016 Islamic Defense Action, the 212 Reunion Movement emerged to maintain the euphoria of the December 2, 2016 movement. However, why did this movement decline, and what factors explain it? To answer this question, this research used qualitative methods and process tracing analysis to compare the events of the 212 Reunion Movement from 2017 to 2023. The 212 Reunion Movement declined because they lost momentum to strengthen political influence. For instance, in 2016 and 2017 their momentum was the blasphemy case and the Jakarta elections. Then, in 2018 their momentum was the presidential election. This phenomenon occurred due to several factors, such as the lack of tactical innovation, the strengthening of government repression in restricting the 212 Reunion movement, the decline in government facilitation of the 212 Reunion movement, and the decline in mass participation.

Pengembangan energi panas bumi memiliki peran penting dalam diversifikasi energi atau mengurangi ketergantungan penggunaan energi fossil, minyak, gas bumi dan batubara dalam membangkit tenaga listrik serta membangun kemandirian energi lokal untuk ketahanan energi nasional. Indonesia mempunyai potensi sumberdaya energi panas bumi lebih dari  29.500 MW yang tersebar mengikuti jalur vulkanik mulai dari pulau Sumatra, Jawa, Bali, NTT, Sulawesi dan Maluku. Meskipun sumber panas buminya sangat melimpah, saat ini sumber energi listrik di daerah-daerah tersebut masih didominasi oleh pembangkit listrik tenaga diesel (PLTD). Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pembangkit EBT bidang Panas Bumi, BPPT telah menginisiasi pengembangan PLTP skala kecil dengan pilot plant 3MW di Kamojang bekerjasama dengan beberapa pihak terkait seperti Pertamina, PGE, PLN dan Universitas dengan konsep helix.Pada prakteknya pelaksanaan pengembangan PLTP kurang mendapat dukungan dari pemerintah sehingga beberapa kegiatan teknis tidak dapat dilakukan. Kerjasama antar stakeholder tidak dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya jika tidak ada komitmen yang kuat untuk menjalankan perannya. Focus penelitian menggunakan pendekatan logika kelembagaan dengan tema helix yang mendeskripsikan proses kolaborasi, peran dari setiap aktor, dan hasil dari kolaborasi. Geothermal energy development has an important role in energy diversification or reducing dependence on the use of fossil energy, oil, natural gas and coal in generating electricity and building local energy independence for national energy security. Indonesia has the potential for geothermal energy resources of more than 29,500 MW which are spread following volcanic routes starting from the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, NTT, Sulawesi and Maluku. Although geothermal sources are very abundant, currently the source of electrical energy in these areas is still dominated by diesel power plants (PLTD). To meet the needs of NRE power plants in the Geothermal sector, BPPT has initiated the development of a small-scale PLTP with a 3MW pilot plant in Kamojang in collaboration with several related parties such as Pertamina, PGE, PLN and Universities with the helix concept.In practice, the implementation of PLTP development does not receive support from the government so that some technical activities cannot be carried out. Cooperation between stakeholders cannot work properly if there is no strong commitment to carry out their roles. The focus of research uses an institutional logic approach with a helix theme that describes the collaboration process, the role of each actor, and the results of collaboration.

In our current era of global interconnectivity, the significance of public relations (PR) in crisis management has become increasingly crucial. Government organization often face crises that demand prompt and strategic communication to minimize harm and uphold stakeholders trust. This study aims to examine the strategic roles of public relations in crisis scenarios by analyzing pertinent case studies, theoretical frameworks, and empirical data. The study utilized a systematic review methods, specifically examining publications both from quantitative and qualitative research published on Google Scholar from 2021 to 2024. The study focused on the following keywords: crisis management, public relations, communication strategy, and organizational reputation. Following the screening process, fourteen studies satisfied the criteria specified for this research. The results suggested that successful public relations strategies during times of crisis require prompt communication, openness, and proactive involvement with individuals or groups having a vested interest in the situation. This study enhanced comprehension of the crucial function of public relations in crisis management and provides practical insights for both public relations professionals and researchers. Subsequent investigations should delve into the changing dynamics of public relations in the era of digital technology and analyze its consequences for crisis management tactics.

Mengacu pada fakta bahwa Belum komprehensifnya manajemen pertahanan udara Selama ini dimana kebijakan dan strategi pertahanan belum sepenuhnya bersifat komprehensif dan lebih difokuskan pada aspek kekuatan inti pertahanan. Potensi dukungan pertahanan yang merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam pertahanan semesta juga belum didayagunakan secara optimal sebagai akibat kebijakan dan strategi pertahanan yang relatif bersifat parsial, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimana bagaimana Peran TNI-AU dalam mendukung implementasi manajemen pertahanan udara. Untuk menunjang penelitian, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analisis yang didukung dengan studi pustaka sebagai metode dalam penelusuran data dan fakta Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa Peran TNI AU dalam mendukung pembangunan kekuatan pertahanan udara telah dilaksanakan semaksimal mungkin dengan memanfaatkan segala sumber daya dan alutsista yang dimiliki berupa pesawat tempur, radar dan persenjataan rudal yang berada di bawah jajaran TNI AU,namun belum dapat dikatakan optimal mengingat Kondisi kekuatan alutsista yang terbatas dan dihadapkan wilayah udara Indonesia yang sangat luas. . Referring to the fact that air defense management has not been comprehensive so far where defense policies and strategies have not been fully comprehensive in nature and have focused more on aspects of core defense strength. The potential for defense support, which is an important aspect of universal defense, has not been utilized optimally as a result of relatively partial defense policies and strategies, so this study aims to find out how the role of the Indonesian Air Force in supporting the implementation of air defense management is. To support the research, this research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis method supported by literature study as a method for searching data and facts, The results of the study show that the role of the Indonesian Air Force in supporting the development of air defense forces has been carried out to the maximum extent possible by utilizing all the resources and defense equipment it has in the form of fighter aircraft, radar and missile weapons under the ranks of the Indonesian Air Force, but it cannot be said to be optimal considering the condition of the force. limited defense equipment and faced with Indonesia's very wide airspace.

Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana transformasi politik dan strategi operasional ISIS pasca-runtuhnya kekhalifahan pada tahun 2019 memengaruhi pola sekuritisasi dalam politik keamanan di Timur Tengah. Berangkat dari pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana pergeseran ISIS dari entitas teritorial ke aktor pasca-teritorial membentuk konstruksi ancaman oleh negara, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif-analitis melalui analisis isi terhadap propaganda ISIS, laporan lembaga internasional, serta studi kasus komparatif di Irak, Suriah, Mesir (Sinai), Yaman, dan Libya. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transformasi ISIS tidak hanya bersifat organisasional, tetapi juga politis, karena mendorong pergeseran dari ancaman teritorial ke ancaman non-teritorial berbasis jaringan dan narasi, yang pada gilirannya mengubah relasi kekuasaan antara negara dan aktor non-negara serta mempersulit proses sekuritisasi, khususnya dalam memperoleh legitimasi publik (audience acceptance) terhadap kebijakan keamanan yang bersifat luar biasa. Dalam konteks ini, negara tidak hanya menghadapi ancaman fisik, tetapi juga dilema legitimasi akibat perluasan kontrol keamanan yang berpotensi melemahkan kepercayaan publik. Secara konseptual, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa transformasi aktor non-negara pasca-teritorial berimplikasi pada pergeseran sekuritisasi dari berbasis militer menuju berbasis naratif dan sosial, sehingga menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan multidimensional dalam memahami dinamika politik keamanan kontemporer. This study aims to examine the political transformation and operational strategies of ISIS after the collapse of its physical caliphate in 2019, and their implications for Middle East security politics. A qualitative descriptive-analytical approach was employed, including content analysis of ISIS propaganda documents, think-tank reports, and academic literature, as well as comparative case studies in Iraq, Syria, Egypt (Sinai), Yemen, and Libya. Findings indicate that following territorial loss, ISIS evolved into a decentralized transnational network relying on regional affiliates and lone-wolf attacks, underpinned by potent digital narratives via social media. This adaptation has undermined conventional military approaches and necessitates more holistic counter-terrorism policies—encompassing social, psychological, and ideological dimensions—and enhanced international cooperation to combat extremist propaganda and address radicalization drivers.

Lembaga Pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) merupakan lembaga yang lahir bagi kepentingan kesejahteraan masyarakat yang dijalankan oleh perempuan. Selain itu PKK juga menjadi salah satu wadah yang mendukung perempuan dalam menjalankan peran ganda di dalam keluarga dan masyarakat, antara lain menjadi seorang ibu dan seorang pelaku pemberdaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peran yang dilakukan oleh lembaga PKK sebagai lembaga yang mengakomodasi berbagai kegiatan kolektif sehingga memungkinkan adanya penurunan intensi konflik yang terjadi di masyarakat dan atau menciptakan kondisi lingkungan yang harmonis di masyarakat. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Desa Genteng, Kecamatan Sukasari, Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat berdasarkan konflik Agraria yang terjadi di desa tersebut. Masyarakat lokal berusaha untuk mewujudkan resolusi konflik, salah satu pihaknya yaitu dari peran PKK. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data melalui metode analisis data sekunder dari hasil kajian literatur artikel dan jurnal yang relevan terkait peran lembaga PKK. Hasil penelitian ini merujuk kepada 10 program pokok yang dimiliki oleh lembaga PKK, meliputi: (1) penghayatan dan pengamalan pancasila, (2) gotong royong, (3) pangan, (4) sandang, (5) perumahan dan tata laksana rumah tangga, (6) pendidikan dan keterampilan, (7) kesehatan, (8) pengembangan kehidupan koperasi, (9) kelestarian lingkungan hidup, dan (10) perencanaan sehat. Hal tersebut berpengaruh dalam penciptaan kondisi lingkungan masyarakat yang lebih baik. The Family Welfare Empowerment Institute (PKK) is an institution that was born for the benefit of the welfare of the community run by women. In addition, the PKK is also one of the containers that support women in carrying out dual roles in the family and society, including being a mother and an enabler. This study aims to describe the role played by PKK as an institution that accommodates various collective activities so as to allow a decrease in the intensity of conflict that occurs in the community and or create a harmonious environmental condition in the community. This research is located in Genteng Village, Sukasari Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency, West Java based on Agrarian conflicts that occurred in the village. Local communities are trying to bring about conflict resolution, one of the parties is from the PKK's role. This research was conducted by collecting data through a secondary data analysis method from the results of literature studies of relevant articles and journals related to the role of PKK institutions. The results of this study refer to 10 main programs owned by PKK institutions, including: (1) the perception and practice of Pancasila, (2) gotong royong, (3) food, (4) clothing, (5) housing and household governance, (6) education and skills, (7) health, (8) cooperative life development, (9) environmental sustainability, and (10) healthy planning. This is influential in creating better community environment conditions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made women vulnerable to problems because they have low incomes, low savings, and tend not to have adequate protection due to their majority status as informal workers. In 2020, Indonesia has a women population of 133.54 million. The Central Statistics Agency for Indonesia shows that the percentage of poor women (Head Count Index) in March 2020 was 9.96 percent. This means that 9.96 percent of the total women population in Indonesia is poor. Women's poverty will also be evident in households with a women head of household. The percentage of women household heads is mostly found in poor families. In March 2020, 15.88 percent of women were heads of households with poor status in Indonesia. Disaster management which was later realized in the form of policies in the form of health protocols, Large-Scale Social Restrictions, and the determination of WFH (work from home) and SFH (school from home) activities created a lot of pressure for women, plus the burden on the family economy that poor women had to accept in Indonesia. The adaptive capacity possessed by women allows them to adapt to changes, giving rise to adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity refers to the proactive (ex-ante) or preventive actions that people use to learn from past experiences, anticipate future risks and adapt to current conditions. In this article, we will discuss the importance of economic development and social capital as part of a set of adaptive capacities for women in poor families during the Covid-19 pandemic which is supported by communities, stakeholders, and existing policies in Indonesia. Pandemi COVID-19 membuat perempuan rentan mengalami permasalahan karena mereka memiliki pendapatan yang rendah, tabungan yang rendah, dan cenderung tidak memiliki proteksi yang memadai akibat statusnya yang mayoritas sebagai tenaga kerja informal.  Pada tahun 2020, Indonesia memiliki jumlah penduduk perempuan sebanyak 133,54 juta. Badan Pusat Stastitik Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa persentase penduduk miskin (Head Count Index) perempuan pada Maret 2020 sebesar 9,96 persen. Artinya, 9,96 persen dari seluruh penduduk perempuan di Indonesia berstatus miskin. Kemiskinan perempuan juga akan tampak nyata pada rumah tangga dengan kepala rumah tangga perempuan. Persentase kepala rumah tangga perempuan banyak ditemui pada keluarga miskin. Pada Maret 2020, 15,88 persen perempuan merupakan kepala rumah tangga dengan status miskin di Indonesia. Penanggulangan bencana yang kemudian diwujudkan dalam bentuk kebijakan berupa protokol kesehatan, Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, dan penetapan kegiatan WFH (work from home) serta SFH (school from home) membuat banyak tekanan bagi para perempuan, ditambah beban perekonomian keluarga yang harus diterima oleh perempuan miskin di Indonesia. Kemampuan adaptasi yang dimiliki oleh perempuan memungkinkan mereka beradaptasi dengan perubahan sehingga menimbulkan kapasitas adaptif. Kapasitas adaptif mengacu pada tindakan proaktif (ex-ante) atau pencegahan yang digunakan orang untuk belajar dari pengalaman masa lalu, mengantisipasi risiko di masa depan dan menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi yang saat ini dialami. Dalam Artikel ini akan membahas pentingnya pembangunan ekonomi dan modal sosial sebagai salah satu bagian dari seperangkat kapasitas adaptif bagi perempuan dalam keluarga miskin selama Masa Pandemi Covid-19 yang didukung oleh komunitas, stakeholder dan kebijakan yang ada di Indonesia.

Memperkuat Alat Utama Sistem Pertahanan Udara TNI AU Dalam Rangka Menjamin Pertahanan Negara merupakan salah satu dari kebijakan dari kementerian pertahanan hal ini dilakukan dalam Rangka Menjamin Pertahanan Negara. Tingkat kesiapam Alat utama system pertahanan udara TNI AU masih sangat rendah sehingga diperlukan kebijakan dalam meningkatkannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik analisis deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan  penelaahan dokumen. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif dengan cara menggabungkan penggunaan nalar logis, intuisi, dan insting peneliti. Hasil dari riset ini menunjukan bahwa kementerian pertahanan telah berupaya memenuhi alat utama  sistem pertahanan udara dengan pertimbangan baik dinamika politik global, katerbatasan anggaran dan inovasi hal ini merupakah bentuk pemenuhan Minimum Essential Force Alutsista. Strengthening the Main Tools of the Air Defense System of the Indonesian Air Force in order to ensure national defense is one of the policies of the ministry of defense, this is carried out in order to ensure national defense. The level of readiness The main tool of the Indonesian Air Force's air defense system is still very low, so a policy is needed to improve it. The method used in this study was done through qualitative research methods with descriptive analysis techniques. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and document review. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis by combining the use of logical reasoning, intuition, and instincts of researchers. The results of this research show that the ministry of defense has tried to fulfill the main tools of the air defense system by considering the dynamics of global politics, budget constraints and innovation. This is a form of fulfilling the Minimum Essential Force Alutsista.

This study explores the strategy of the Government of Indonesia in conducting face-to-face learning in the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigates its effectiveness. The government finally implemented a face-to-face learning policy for elementary to high school students in 2021 in response to the decline of the COVID-19 confirmed cases in the country. Still, this policy has implications for the emergence of a new COVID-19 cluster that threatens children, as happened in the increasing number of children affected by COVID-19 from 13% in July 2021 to 15% in August 2021 children were infected. This research conducts a desk review and content analysis of policies related to face-to-face learning strategies. The result finds that the government has made policy transitions since the COVID-19 pandemic emerged from online learning policies to gradual face-to-face learning involving various national and local actors playing a crucial role in the implementation of face-to-face learning. The policy implementations face several obstacles, such as the lack of readiness of school infrastructure and the disparity of the community literacy toward COVID-19 pandemic include students and parents. This study concludes that the government adapts to the COVID-19 pandemic development in developing education sector strategies but still requires necessary improvements. This study reveals that face-to-face learning strategies are required to create a new strategy that applies to all students and schools, improve existing school health infrastructure, and conduct socialization activities related to face-to-face learning.

Sebagai satu-satunya sekutu tradisional yang dimiliki Rusia di luar lingkungannya sendiri, Suriah telah menjadi salah satu pertimbangan dalam kebijakan luar negeri Rusia. Ketika Suriah dilanda konflik, Rusia telah mengerahkan berbagai dukungan penting terhadap rezim Assad. Upaya mempertahankan rezim Assad memaksa Rusia untuk menggunakan kebijakan militer di Suriah.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan fenomena kebijakan militer Rusia dalam keterlibatannya di Suriah. Dalam menganalisis, peneliti menggunakan teori kebijakan luar negeri. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan  bahwa kebijakan militer Rusia terhadap Suriah ditenggarai oleh faktor Bashar Al-Assad. Situasi konflik yang semakin mengancam eksistensi rezim Assad direspon Rusia dengan tindakan militer. Pada akhirnya tindakan militer Rusia berhasil mempertahankan Assad dari ancaman pelengseran. As the only traditional ally that Russia has outside of its own neighborhood, Syria has been a consideration in Russian foreign policy. As Syria has been engulfed in conflict, Russia has mobilized important support for the Assad regime. Efforts to defend the Assad regime compelled Russia to intervene militarily in Syria.The purpose of this study is to explain the phenomenon of Russia's military policy in Syria.In analyzing foreign policy, researchers use foreign policy theory. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. This research shows that Russia's military policy towards Syria is driven by the Bashar al-Assad factor. The conflict situation that increasingly threatened the existence of the Assad regime was responded to by Russia with military action. In the end, Russia's military action succeeded in defending Assad from the threat of ouster.

Research area administratively located in Binuang district, Tapin Regencies, South Kalimantan Province. Geographically located in coordinate 115° 3' 40,359" East Longitude until 115° 15' 49,871" East Longitude and 3° 1' 7,068" South Latitude 3° 16' 10,038" South Latitude. Based on its physiography aspect, the research area is part of Barito Basin. The object of these research area the geological structures which is focused on the measurement of the fractures on rocks which represents each present tectonic periods, which is used for determining force and the tectonic pattern in the research area. As seen from the field data, it is known that the geological structures available in the research area are anticline, sincline, fracture, sinistral wrench fault, and reverse fault. The tectonic evolution on the research area begins during rifting which continues since Pra-tersier until Eosen with NE-SW direction, resulting the reverse faults with the fault surface estimated to be NW-SE direction, during Pliosen period reactivation of older faults happened on research area. The tectonic process changed into compression with NW-SE direction.

Monitoring suspended load transport flowing in to Saguling Reservoir has been conducted from August 2005 to January 2006 by means of measurements : water level, discharge, and suspensions of Upper Citarum River at Station Nanjung and its main tributaries at six other stations: Cikapundung, Cikeruh, Citarik, Cirasea, Cisangkuy, and Ciwidey River. Discharge and sediment suspension rating curve was made than compared with which measured and analyzed by the Institute of Ecology Padjadjaran University in 1982 and that also reported by Dewanti 1983. The results indicated that trend of sediment suspension transports was not significantly difference between that in 1982, although since 1992, total sediment depositions in the reservoir was slightly increase above deposition plan (4 million m3 per year). During the last seventy half years, the total deposition sediment was 67,832,078 m3, the life storage capacity was 167,689,000 m3. By using the assumptions of steady rate of deposition in the reservoir, the remaining operational age of Saguling reservoir was 25 years. The conclusions is that the life time of Saguling Reservoir for electric power generation still in plan. To halt worsening conditions of erosion rate in the Upper Citarum Watershed and sediment transport pattern in to the Saguling reservoir, integrated planning of watershed management system should be taken in to account..