Soil-Transmitted Helminth infection (STH) such as ascariasis, has become one of the most persistent parasitic diseases in most developing countries, including Indonesia. Galangal, turmeric, and ginger plants are known to provide various of pharmacologically active substances which commonly used as antibacterial, aphrodisiac, and antiparasitic. This research was aimed to study the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of ginger, turmeric, galangal in single extract as well as their combination against Ascaris suum Goeze as a model. The anthelmintic activity was analyzed by determining the profile of time of paralysis (TOP), time of death (TOD), and the IC50­ of the inhibition activity from single extracts and extract combinations as well as the combination index (CI). The results showed that galangal, turmeric, and ginger ethanol extract have anthelmintic activity with IC50 7.66, 22, and 13,14 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 values for the extract combination of galangal with turmeric (KL), galangal with ginger (JL), and turmeric with ginger (JK) were 10.22; 3.92; and 34.93 mg/mL, respectively. The synergistic combination properties were shown by combination of galangal with turmeric extracts and galangal with ginger extracts with the combination index (CI) 0,67 and 0,38, respectively.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever is a disease caused by the dengue virus through a mosquito vector Aedesaegypti. NS3 Helicase is known as one of nonstructural proteins consisting of some essential enzymesfor virus replication. Nowadays ivermectin has been developed as an anti-dengue haemorrhagic feverwith therapy target NS3 Helicase. The therapeutics drug for dengue haemorrhagic fever has not beenfound specifically. Methanol extract of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) reported the activity to denguevirus with a concentration of 15,63 μg/mL. This research aimed to study the interactions and affinityof the active compound of meniran with the receptor (NS3 Helicase) and to know ADME and toxicityprofile. From 56 active compounds of meniran, there was one best candidate as dengue haemorrhagicfever therapy which has energy binding (ΔG) and Inhibition Constanta (IC) lower than native ligandand ivermectin, it is nirurin with energy binding -4.87 kcal/mol. These candidate compounds havegood absorption and distribution profiles so they are thought to be candidates for dengue fever therapyby targeting the NS3 Helicase receptor which is better than ivermectin and native ligands.

Ibuprofen dikenal sebagai obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid yang digunakan untuk analgetik dan antipiretik dan termasuk obat dengan kelarutan rendah, tetapi memiliki permeabilitas yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan ibuprofen dengan kelarutan dan disolusi yang lebih tinggi dengan membentuk mikropartikel menggunakan metode emulsification-ionic gelation. Partikel ibuprofen dikarakterisasi menggunakan Scanning Elektron Microscopy dan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Kemudian dilakukan uji kelarutan dan uji disolusi ibuprofen. Pengujian karakteristik menggunakan SE, mikropartikel pH 2, pH4, pH 6 mengalami penurunan ukuran partikel berturut-turut sebesar 97,48%, 84%, dan 72% dari ukuran ibuprofen. Kelarutan ibuprofen setelah proses emulsification-ionic-gelation dalam air pada pH 6 meningkat delapan kali, sedangkan disolusi ibuprofen tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh partikel ibuprofen pada formula 3 yang dapat mendisolusi ibuprofen lebih dari 44% dalam 30 menit pada media dapar HCl 0,1N dibandingkan dengan formula yang lain. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah partikel ibuprofen setelah proses emulsification-ionicgelation dapat memperkecil ukuran partikel dan meningkatkan kelarutan tetapi tidak dengan disolusinya.Kata kunci: Ibuprofen, emulsification-ionic-gelation, polivinil alkohol, kelarutan, disolusi

Bajakah root has stronger antioxidant activity than vitamin C. The Dayak people use it to maintain health. Bajakah root infusion has an unpleasant taste and aroma, also unstable, so effervescent tablets are developed to resolve that problem. Effervescent tablets are prepared by direct compression method. The starch of porang tuber is a food that can act as fillers and tablet binders. The co-processed excipient can produce tablet fillers for the directly compressed method. Co-processed excipients of lactose-porang starch have excellent flow properties, improve tablet hardness, have good compatibility, and are cheaper. In this study, the proportions of porang starch and lactose as co-processed excipients were determined using the Simplex Lattice Design method, and then tested the flow properties and granule repose angle. The physical properties of the tablets include weight uniformity, hardness, brittleness, dissolution time, and antioxidant activity test. Test data were analyzed using the One Sample T-test. The results showed that effervescent tablets with co-processed excipient porang starch-lactose 64: 36% provide good physical stability, granule flow time of 10.45 ± 0.29 gram/second, granule repose angle of 27.52 ± 0.95°; tablet weight uniformity with a CV value of 1.021%; tablet hardness 5.74 ± 0.07 Kg, tablet friability of 0.549 ± 0.03%; tablet disintegration time 86 ± 4 seconds. The bajakah root has antioxidant activity of 0.155 mg/mL.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) has been widely used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine. Guava leaves have been studied and show various pharmacological activities including antidiarrheal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimutagenic, anti-cough, antibacterial, antifungal, antiplaque, suppresses cardiac muscle inotropism, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant. In Indonesia, guava leaves have been formulated into several dosage forms. The guava leaves extract, as raw material of traditional medicine, should perform stability during storage period. This study aims to test the physical stability of guava leaves extract, which includes organoleptic, pH, and viscosity at different storage temperature and time susceptibility. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using ethanol 96% as solvent. Extraction is done until a thick extract is obtained. The extract was stored at 8oC (refrigerator temperature), 27oC (room temperature), and 70oC (oven temperature). Physical stability test was performed before storage period and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd week of storage period. Stability test results showed that ethanolic extract of guava leaves was stable at different storage temperatures. The results showed no differences on organoleptic, pH and viscosity test before storage period and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd week of storage period.  Key words: Physical stability, Guava leaves, Ethanolic extract

Illegal practices of formaldehyde as preservatives in wet noodles have been proven. These formaldehyde-preserved wet noodles are sold in West Java, Indonesia. This compound may be harmful to the body due to a decreasing of blood pressure, coma, acidosis, and acute renal failure. In this study we proposed a quantification method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A simulation was carried out as comparison. This simulation comprised of formaldehyde-spiked fish then the process was continued by washing, frying, and distilling the fish in a closed-system distillation. Similar condition was applied onto wet noodles purchased from traditional markets in Bandung. Method used was RP-HPLC derivatization method based on the reaction of formaldehyde carbonyl with two different reagents of DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) and Nash (acetyl acetone, ammonium acetate and acetic acid) reagents. Result showed that formaldehyde residue was detected and quantified in all wet noodle samples with a range of 21-59 ppm. In conclusion, this method can be used for routine analysis to control illegal practices of formaldehyde in wet noodles. Moreover, washing and frying the formaldehyde-preserved food were proven could significantly help reducing formaldehyde level in food.Keywords: 2,4-dinitrophenylhidrazine, formaldehyde, RP-HPLC, wet noodles

Pain is a prevalent symptom of various diseases, characterized by subjective sensory and emotional experiences, often triggered by nerve irritation and pain receptor activation. Prostaglandins play a crucial role as chemical mediators in pain mechanisms. Clove oil-based liniment is commonly used for pain relief, with eugenol as its main active compound. This study investigates the antioxidant activity of VCO-clove liniment with different clove proportions using the DPPH method and evaluates the analgesic potential of eugenol through its interaction with the PTGS2 receptor through in-silico analysis. VCO-clove liniment was formulated with varying clove weight ratio (1:10, 5:10, and 10:10 w/v). Antioxidant activity was evaluated in-vitro using DPPH assay, while the interaction between eugenol and PTGS2 (PDB code: 5KIR) was predicted using molecular docking. The results demonstrated that the 10:10 ratio exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 40.33 µg/mL and an antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 0.99, classified as moderate. In-silico analysis revealed strong binding between eugenol and PTGS2, with a binding energy of -5.22 kcal/mol, suggesting its analgesic potential. In conclusion, VCO-clove liniment shows promise as an antioxidant and analgesic agent, with the 10:10 ratio displaying optimal antioxidant properties, and eugenol contributing significantly to its analgesic effects through PTGS2 interaction.

Buah mengkudu mengandung sejumlah senyawa fitogenik. Lama penyimpanan yang berbeda dapat mempengaruhi kualitas produk. Selama penyimpanan berlangsung produk mikrokapsul ekstrak buah mengkudu dapat terjaga kualitasnya dan terlindungi senyawa bioaktifnya dengan metode mikroenkapsulasi. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh produk mikrokapsul ekstrak buah mengkudu dengan berbagai penyalut pada lama penyimpanan yang berbeda. Penelitian menggunakan penelitian experimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 10 perlakuan 3 ulangan. Setiap formulasi dilakukan penyimpanan selama 0, 2, 4 minggu. Peubah yang diamati adalah kadar air, aktivitas antioksidan dan sebaran jamur. Proses mikroenkapsulasi ekstrak buah mengkudu memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap kestabilan kadar air, aktivitas antioksidan dan sebaran jamur dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang tidak dilakukan proses mikroenkapsulasi. Produk mengalami peningkatan kadar air, aktivitas antioksidan dan sebaran jamur seiring dengan lamanya proses penyimpanan.

Boraks sering disalahgunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pangan, khususnya sebagai pengawet dan pengenyal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi dan memvalidasi metode kuantitatif penetapan kadar boraks menggunakan ekstrak bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) serta menentukan kadar boraks pada sampel sosis menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental kuantitatif. Panjang gelombang maksimum diperoleh pada 518,4 nm. Kondisi optimum dicapai pada campuran 1 mL larutan boraks dan 3 mL ekstrak rosella pada pH 2. Intensitas warna meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi boraks (10–50 ppm). Validasi metode menunjukkan linearitas yang baik dengan persamaan regresi y = 0,006x + 0,3538 dan koefisien korelasi (R²) sebesar 0,9959. Nilai limit deteksi (LOD) sebesar 18,8 ppb, akurasi 99,42%, dan presisi (%RSD) 0,736%. Hasil analisis sampel sosis menunjukkan adanya kandungan boraks sebesar 60,41 ppm. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bunga rosella dapat digunakan sebagai indikator alami dalam analisis boraks pada sampel pangan.

The occurrences of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) type A H5N1 has caused infections in millions of poultry as well as hundreds of human cases and even mortalities. Indonesia has become one of the world’s highest casualty rates of H5N1 human infections, with the number of deaths was 167 from a total of 199 cases. The development of viral resistance towards the available anti-influenza drugs neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors required the discovery of new inhibitors. In the recent advance of drug discovery, natural products have been considered as one of the essential sources of medicinal agents, and Brucea javanica has been found to possess antiviral activity against H5N1 NA. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the in silico activities of compounds from B. javanica using molecular docking methods against H5N1 NA. In this study, docking-based virtual screening of compounds from B. javanica to quickly select in silico hits to be potential NA inhibitors was performed. Subsequently, the intermolecular interactions of the inhibitor compounds with the H5N1 NA were analysed to examine the most preferred interactions. The results showed that brucein G and bruceoside C were found having the lowest binding energy and most preferred interactions with H5N1 NA and therefore, can be proposed for further study as potential NA inhibitors.Keyword: antiviral, Brucea javanica, H5N1, molecular docking, neuraminidase

Pati dan turunnya memiliki ruang lingkup pemanfaatan yang sangat luas dalam berbagai bidang, keterbatasan aplikasinya terutama akibat kekurangan sifat fisikokimianya. Ada sejumlah metode modifikasi yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghasilkan pati dengan karakteristik yang diinginkan, diantaranya modifikasi dengan hidrolisis asam dan esterifikasi. Pati Canna indica L dihidrolisis menggunakan asam klorida dan untuk penambahan gugus ester digunakan asam asetat. Kedua proses konversi mempengaruhi karakteristik pati dengan mengubah kelarutan, sifat alir, daya pengembangan, rasio amilosa dan kestabilan termal dengan nilai yang berbeda-beda.

Immunomodulators operate through various mechanisms, one of which involves enhancing phagocytic activity. The purple button herb (Borreria laevis Lamk.) is recognized for containing secondary metabolites that may function as immunomodulators; however, its influence on phagocytosis has not been previously assessed. Consequently, a study explored the immunomodulatory effects of distinct fractions of the purple button herb on macrophage phagocytosis in male mice. Over seven days, the mice were orally administered ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of the purple button herb. On the eighth day, the subjects were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. After euthanization, intraperitoneal fluid was collected to analyze macrophage phagocytosis activity. The study's results suggested that the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of the purple button herb tended to enhance macrophage activity, with the n-hexane fraction achieving the highest phagocytosis rate of 84.7%. The corresponding p-value > 0.05 in the LSD test indicated no statistically significant difference when compared to the positive control. In conclusion, the n-hexane fraction of the purple button herb demonstrates potential as an immunostimulant by augmenting macrophage activity.

One of the components that make up essential oils is phenolic compounds which are widely containedin the leaves and bark of the Balik Angin plant (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz).This study aimed to identify phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of essential oils from thebark of the Balik Angin plant. The essential oils isolation using hydrodistillation and the compoundswere analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Qualitatively antioxidantactivity test used thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitatively by measuring the absorbance of2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals residue that did not react against compounds reducer.The results showed the essential oils contain major compounds which are methyl salicylate followedby methyl palmitate, 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione, and methyl 12-acetoxyoleate. Qualitativetest results of antioxidant activity with TLC there were four yellow spots on a purple background. Thescavenging activity showed the essential oils had an IC50 of 229.056 ppm, while the gallic acid as acomparative standard obtained an IC50 of 0.618 ppm. The conclusion is the essential oils of BalikAngin bark that produces very weak antioxidant activity.

Andrographolide (AG) is a pure isolate of the chemical synthesis of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) which has various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. In order to improve the ability of AG to penetrate the membrane in transdermal use, an inclusion complex was formed using beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) by modifying the physical chemistry properties of AG, particularly the solubility in its base, partition, and distribution on the skin, as well as by changing the permeability of the stratum corneum. The inclusion complexes of AG with BCD were prepared by the solvent evaporation method in the mole ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The solid of the yield of AG inclusion complex in BCD has been tested with a solubility test until it reached equilibrium at 37 ± 5 °C for 24 hours and In vitro dissolution rate test using the II USP method (paddle type), then compared to a single AG compound, and a physical mixture of AG-BCD. Based on the solubility and dissolution rate tests, it showed that the formation of AG-BCD inclusion complex was obtained at the mole ratio of 1:2. Moreover, the AG solubility increased 38 timesand the dissolution rate in the 60th minute increased twice  in the inclusion complex with BCD.Key words: andrographolide, inclusion complex, beta cyclodextrin, solubility, dissolution rate

Betaine yang dikenal juga sebagai trimetilglisin, tersebar luas di tanaman, hewan, mikroba, dan sumber nutrisi yang melimpah seperti makanan laut, bayam, bit, dan dedak gandum. Dalam bidang nutrisi hewan, termasuk untuk unggas, betain sering digunakan sebagai tambahan pakan untuk mengurangi stress oksidatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi analisis proksimat, rendemen ekstrak, aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar betain pada tiga jenis sumber nabati yaitu bayam, bit dan dedak gandum yang mengandung betain pada pakan unggas. Penelitian menggunakan penelitian eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dan 6 ulangan. Proses ekstrasi ketiga bahan nabati menggunakan metode refluks. Parameter yang diamati diantaranya analisis proksimat yaitu kadar air, kadar abu, protein, dan lemak serta nilai rendemen, aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar betain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahan nabati dedak gandum memiliki kandungan kadar air 8.45%, abu 5.01%, lemak 0.39%, nilai rendemen 19.60% dan aktivitas antioksidan 1,365.79 ppm yang lebih baik dibanding kedua bahan nabati lainnya. Sedangkan bayam menunjukkan kadar protein 26.17% dan bit menunjukkan hasil kadar betain 1138 mg/100g lebih tinggi dibanding kedua bahan nabati lainnya. Sehingga pada penelitian ini penggunaan dedak gandum direkomendasikan karena memiliki kadar air, abu dan lemak yang rendah, nilai rendemen serta aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih baik dibanding kedua bahan lainnya.

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) are used to increase urination.This preclinical study aims to prove the diuretic effect of a combination of watercress and purslaneextracts. Simplisia of watercress and purslane herbs mixed with various combinations A (1:9), B(1:3) and C (1:1), then extracted in 50% ethanol. The animals were divided into five groups: control,furosemide 3.6 mg/kgBW, A 38 mg/kgBW, B 28 mg/kgBW, and C 10 mg/kgBW. Diuretic assay wascarried out using the modified Lipschitz method with the parameters observed were cumulative urinevolume for 6 and 24 hours, and potassium levels in 24-hour urine. The results showed the onset ofdiuretic effect of furosemide at 60 minutes, A at 150 minutes, B at 240 minutes and C at 90 minutes.Percent effectiveness of the diuretic in the furosemide was 718%, A 212%, B 231%, and C 368% whencompared to the controls. All combinations of extracts increased sodium and potassium secretion whencompared to controls, but this effect was not as strong as furosemide. All combinations of watercressand purslane herbs have a diuretic effect but weakly saluretic when compared to furosemide and thecombination that gives the best effect is combination C.

Injure healing process occured on four phases such as hemostatis, inflammation, and maturation. Latex of Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) can heal the wound because of its component active. Aim of this research was to find out the effect of ointment topical of E. tirucalli L. to wound healing process based on macroscopic and microscopic examination and cellular reaction of CD4+ lymphocyte. Male Wistar Rat, 2 month old, 150-200 Gram of body weight, as much as 36 rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups, and were anesthesized before punctioned on the 2 sides of lateral vertebrae. Group one was used as a control, group two was given with the ointment 9% of E. tirucalli L., group three was given with 23% of E. tirucalli L., and group four was given madecassol®. Treatment was given once a day for 15 days. Macroscopical and microscopical changes were observed at the fifth, tenth, and fifteenth day. Macroscopical observation was the diameter of injure. Microscopical observation consisted of epidermal thicness, number of fibroblast, using Haematoxylin and Eosin staining, and cellular reaction of CD4+ lymphocyte using imunohistochemistry. The results showed that topical administration of E. tirucalli ointment 9% and 23% potential to accelerate wistar skin wound healing puncture wounds. There was no difference between E. tirucalli ointment 9% and 23% application to observed parameters.Keywords: Euphorbia tirucalli L., injure healing, macroscopic, microscopic, lymphocyte CD4+

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Though many drugs are available, blood glucose control is still challenging to achieve due to decreased beta cell function and side effects of long-term use. Gayam tree bark (Inocarpus fagiferus) has the potential to inhibit digestive enzymes, although the molecular mechanism of its antidiabetic effect has not been ascertained. This study aims to determine the activity of compounds from ethyl acetate extract as antidiabetics, tested in silico and in vivo. The study used molecular docking and in vivo activity analysis. LC-MS analysis was used to determine the content of compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction of gayam bark. Through molecular interaction prediction and ADME-Toxicology, compounds in gayam bark showed antidiabetic activity. In the molecular docking interaction study, the Cochliophilin A compound had a lower binding energy than acarbose on the α-amylase receptor: -9.76 kcal/mol and -8.95 kcal/mol. The ADME-Tox model predicted good skin permeability, absorption, and distribution for Cochliophilin A. The ethyl acetate extract showed antidiabetic activity in lowering blood sugar levels in rats on day 14, respectively by 74% (IV), 72% (V), and 74% (VI). Collectively, compounds in gayam bark are useful in treating diabetes.

Some herbal teas contain antioxidant compounds that neutralize the free radicals involved in ageing processes and various diseases. Fermentation can increase the antioxidant activity in herbal teas due to the metabolic outputs of the microorganisms involved in the fermentation process. Aquilaria malaccencis is used to make teas in Indonesia and other countries and has been identified as demonstrating antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of tea made from A. malaccencis leaves and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum for 48 hours, 96 hours and 192 hours. The features investigated were antioxidant activity measured via DPPH assay and total phenol and flavonoid content measured spectrophotometrically. The fermentation results at 48, 96 and 192 hours were a pale yellow, sour aroma and sour taste and total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) content of 8.49 x 106 CFU/mL, 7.42 x 106 CFU/mL and 2.6 x 1010 CFU/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activity (IC50) at 48 hours was 439.444 µg/ml, at 96 hours was 235.309 µg/ml, and at 192 hours was 190.33 µg/ml. Total phenolic content (mg/g GAE) at 48 hours was 22.561, at 96 hours was 18.173, and at 192 hours was 21.14. Total flavonoid content (mg/g QE) at 48 hours was 1.901, at 96 hours was 1.938, and at 192 hours was 3.76. This research concluded that Lactobacillus plantarum as a starter for fermented tea made from Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (A. malaccensis) leaves could produce appropriate characteristics for its functional food consumption. The best fermentation time was 192 hours, delivering an IC50 value of 190.33 ± 1.64 µg/ml, total phenol content of 36.346 mg/g GAE, and total flavonoid content of 3.876 ± 0.317 mg/g QE.Keywords: Tea fermentation, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder disease. DM presents in two main types 1and 2. Type 2 DM was caused by genetic and lifestyle which was the biggest contributor to DMcases. Many patients with type 2 DM treated with combination therapy using Fix Dose Combination(FDC) preparation to increase patients compliance and therapeutic effect. FDC preparations containedmetformin and glimepiride. Assay of these combination was not found in compendial. A rapid,simple, specific method analysis of metformin and glimepiride has been developed in this riset usingTLC-spectrofluorometry. Metformin and glimepiride content in tablet were determined by the TLC-spectrofluorometry using dansyl chloride as derivatization agent under alkali conditions. In the TLCmethod, metformin and glimepiride were dissolved with methanol and gives Rf values of 0.52 and0.70, respectively in system containing silika gel GF254 as stationary base and methanol:water: glacialasetic acid (6:4:0.25) as developing solvent. TLC results were scraped off and reacted using dansylchloride 0.1% then fluorescence intensity measurements were carried out at emission wavelength 483nm for metformin and 489 nm for glimepiride. Method validation is done by determining linearity,accuracy, precision, Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantization (LOQ).