This research describes the behavior of grammatical functions in the X-bar theory in forming the FN structure of the Muna language, Mawasangka dialect. Apart from that, this research tries to find a formulation of the rules for the FN structure of the Muna language, Mawasangka dialect. Data collected from observations through informants who are native Muna speakers. Data was collected and compiled using descriptive methods. From the analysis results obtained, Muna language noun phrases can be combined with the noun phrase itself, but with the help of prepositions. In addition, noun phrases can consist of noun words as core projections combined with numeralia, adjectives, etc.

This study investigates the motivational dynamics of English majors by integrating retrospective plotting, interviews, and narrative inquiry. Through triangulation, the research identifies key patterns and underlying causes of motivational shifts among three learners, proposing targeted strategies for remotivation. Findings reveal that English majors’ motivational trajectories exhibit marked dynamic complexity and individual variation, shaped by a multifaceted system of interacting factors—including teacher influence, academic performance, assessment pressures, emotional states, and career prospects. The study highlights the importance of understanding these dynamics to support learners effectively. Practical implications suggest that educators can foster remotivation by guiding students toward constructive attribution patterns, regulating academic emotions, enhancing self-regulatory skills, and clarifying future aspirations.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bagaimana pola dan bentuk kohesi ekuivalensi leksikal pada kumpulan cerita pendek karya Eka Kurniawan yang berjudul Perempuan Patah Hati yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi. Fokus penelitian ini ialah pemarkah kohesi leksikal berupa ekuivalensi leksikal. Data penelitian ini berupa kutipan pada cerpen yang di dalamnya terdapat penggunaan ekuivalensi. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah kumpulan cerpen Perempuan Patah Hati yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi karya Eka Kurniawan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian kumpulan cerpen. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode simak dan teknik catat dengan metode penyajian akhir teknik informal. Metode analisis data menggunakan teknik distribusional dengan teknik dasar bagi unsur langsung. Ekuivalensi leksikal yang diteliti meliputi ekuivalensi yang mengalami proses afiksasi prefiks, kombinasi afiks, dan sufiks. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan proses afiksasi prefiks yang mendominasi dengan kategori kalimat derivasi. Ekuivalensi leksikal yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini mampu mendukung topik dalam membangun sebuah wacana secara utuh, sehingga mudah dipahami oleh pembaca.

Abstract:  The use of woman language against the background of K-POP fans, especially the boy group BTS, is very interesting to discuss. This research focuses on analyzing the features of woman language used by BTS fans called ARMY in whatsaap group chat Butter ARMY of Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method by applying a sociolinguistic approach that focuses on the use of woman language features in whatsapp group chat Butter ARMY of Indonesia. The data collection technique was carried out using the technique of listening and recording through orthographic transcription. This research uses a method as a pragmatic commensurate data analysis with the determining tool is the speech partner itself based on the speaker's language. The basic technique applied is the sorting of determining elements (PUP). Based on the results of the study, it was found that the use of Women's Language features in the whatsaap group chat Butter ARMY of Indonesia was 70 data where the use of Question tag features was more dominant as many as 19 and the use of Rising Intonation on Declaration was the least used which was only 1 data.

Bilingual children's storybooks are a medium to learn English. This study focused on the translation process from previous studies. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of this study is to find the frequently used translation techniques, strategies, and procedures in studies of translating children's bilingual storybooks. This study found that the most frequently used translation technique is literal translation. Furthermore, the word-for-word is commonly used by the translator.

The aim of this descriptive qualitative research is to compare the gender bias in the translation of Indonesian job names to English and German. This research was located in internet-based translation machine Google Translate. The examined data within are 22 Indonesian job names with its varied field. The samples are original job names in Indonesia, not the borrowed names from other languages and the ones with little potential of gender gap. This research is based on case study. With this method, researcher does translation of this data, but only ones in form of single nouns and nominal phrases. After that, English and German dictionaries were utilized to clarify, whether the results are classified as masculine, feminine or neutral. Human instrument is used with its capability and knowledge in gender classification of English and German job names. The outcome of this research reveal that in translation into English, the amount of masculine nouns emerge as the dominant or 13. The feminine nouns show up merely one. The number of the neutral one stands in between. The total is eight. This situation turns up as opposite in German. The neutral substantive can't be found. There are only 19 of masculine and three of feminine.Keywords: gender bias, google translate, job, translation

This study presents a comprehensive syntactic analysis of tense phrases within the framework of X-bar theory applied to recount texts. Utilizing a corpus of diverse recount narratives, we employ a generative approach to scrutinize the hierarchical structure and syntactic relationships governing tense constituents. Our investigation reveals intricate patterns of tense phrase formation, shedding light on the underlying syntactic mechanisms that govern temporal information encoding. Through a meticulous examination of tense-related features, we uncover the nuanced interplay between functional projections and lexical elements, offering insights into the syntactic complexities of recount narratives. Furthermore, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of tense phrase structures, providing a foundation for future explorations in syntactic analysis. The findings herein not only advance our comprehension of temporal representation in language but also underscore the significance of X-bar theory in elucidating intricate syntactic phenomena.

This study aims to look for the social factors influencing language changes in bergaining second-hand cellphones on Facebook groups in Solo Raya. This research is a qualitative descriptive research using note-taking technique as the data collection technique. The research source is located in a Facebook group when bergaining activities for second hand cellphones in Solo Raya happened. The source of data and data in this study used purposive sampling technique. This group was chosen as the data source because it is a platform for people to gather with others in various social backgrounds. Therefore, these people have a special language that is used in bergaining activities that influences language in terms of form and meaning. The results of this study indicate that the language used in bergaining second-hand cellphone activities on this facebook group is influenced by three factors, namely: (1) education level, (2) age factors, (3) social class. The level education factors influences the spelling of a word because people tend to make it easier to write the foreign words. Besides, the age factors influences the shift of word meaning. Meanwhile, the social class factors make them using krama inggil and madya language to show honor and respect other members.

Abstract: This research aims to describe the code choide of female santri in the religiosity domain.  This  research was conducted at Assalaam Islamic Modern Boarding School and Islam Al-Mukmin Boarding School of Ngruki, Sukoharjo Regency. Its data were speech between female santri and female santri, speech between female santri and female teachers (ustazah)/male teachers (ustaz) in the religiosity domains. They were collected through observation, recording, listening, note-taking, and in-depth interview. The result of the research find out that there was a tendency that Indonesian code was chosen as the main media of communication while the other speech codes were used for interethnic communication. In religiosity domain, the codes used were Indonesian, code switching from Indonesian to Arabic, and English. Indonesiaan is the most code used by people in the religiosity domain.Keywords: code choice, santri, religiosity domain.Abstrak: Penelitian  ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pilihan kode santri wanita dalam ranah keagaman. Penelitian ini mengambil lokasi di Pesantren Modern Islam Assalaam dan Pesantren Islam Al-Mukmin Ngruki di Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Data yang terkumpul dalam penelitian ini merupakan tuturan santri dan santri, santri dan ustazah/ustaz dalam domain keagamaan di lingkungan Pesantren Modern Islam Assalaam dan Pesantren Islam Al-Mukmin Ngruki. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu teknik observasi, rekam, simak, catat, dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ranah keagamaan ditemukan pola pilihan kode yaitu bahasa Indonesia (BI), alih kode dari bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Arab, bahasa Inggris. Kode tutur yang paling sering digunakan dalam ranah keagamaan yaitu bahasa Indonesia.Kata kunci: pilihan kode, santri, ranah keagamaan.

This study endeavors to examine the employment of figurative language within the lyrics of Eminem’s songs from a stylistic perspective. Eminem’s lyrical prowess, characterized by its complexity and emotional depth, renders his work a compelling subject for linguistic inquiry. The research primarily focuses on the identification and critical analysis of various figures of speech—namely metaphor, hyperbole, alliteration, personification, and irony—utilized throughout a selection of his songs. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology accompanied by textual analysis, the study reveals that figurative language functions as an expressive tool vital for the construction of self-identity, the articulation of past traumas, and the articulation of socio-cultural critique. The findings substantiate that Eminem’s use of figurative language not only exemplifies verbal creativity but also contributes significantly to the construction of identity and affect within the cultural framework of hip-hop.

The Top Gun: Maverick is an action movie that was released in 2022 and directed by Joseph Kosinski. This movie tells the story of Pete “Maverick” Mitchell, performing ground-breaking stunts as a daring test pilot, and turning down every opportunity to get promoted because it would prevent him from flying his plane. Since this is an action movie and the set is about US Navy, many characters use imperatif sentences includes command, request, warning, and invitation. This research aims to explain the form and the function of imperatif sentences in the Top Gun: Maverick (2022) movie. The data research was taken from its subtitle and using observing method to analyzes it. The researcher use Aarts and Aarts (1982) theory to analyze the form and the function of imperatif sentences from the movie. The result is imperatif sentences with form of prepositional verb phase with function of command as its dominant data.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan frasa nominal yang menunjukkan penokohan Dilan dalam novel Dia adalah Dilanku 1990. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan sintaksis dan semantik. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah kalimat yang mengandung kata referensi dan frasa nominal yang mempresentasikan karakterisasi Dilan pada novel Dilan seri Dia adalah Dilanku 1990 karya Pidi Baiq. Metode catat dan baca dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kata referensi demonstratif penunjuk umum dan pronominal personal orang ketiga untuk mejuruk tokoh Dilan. Jenis frasa yang digunakan dalam novel ini berupa frasa nominal endosentris atributif, endosentris koordinatif, dan eksosentris.

Through the prism of X-Bar theory, this research explores the complex world of Arabic nounphrases, contrasting and comparing their syntactic patterns with those of the English language. A keycomponent of linguistic study is the examination of noun phrases since it reveals the structuraldifferences and similarities between Arabic and English, two linguistically dissimilar languages. Themain goal of this research is to analyse how the distinctive structural characteristics of Arabic nounphrases differ from those of their English counterparts while taking into account the X-Bar theoryframework. Using a comparative methodology, this research examines the distinctive characteristics ofArabic noun phrases interact with the X-Bar theory. It also explores the consequences of these syntacticdifferences. This study sheds light on the syntactic examination of Arabic noun phrases within theframework of X-Bar theory. It also highlights the distinctions and similarities between Arabic andEnglish noun phrases. The fields of syntax, language typology, and linguistic variety will benefit greatlyfrom the study's conclusions.

This study shows the fact that children have the ability to produce complete speech at the age of under 6 years. The development of pragmatic competence is seen using the theory of Horn and Ward (2006), which consists of eight components. The research subjects were siblings ranging in age from 3 to 5 years who were well known (viral) through a video of which they were proficient in reciting selawat. The data taken is in the form of video recordings of the two children with the title "Q&A Game" with their father and uncle which were posted around May and July 2019. The results show that Qeisya's pragmatic competence from the age of 3 - 4 years is good, except for the Taking Turns aspect and Convention and Contrast (C&C) which is still failing, while Aisywa's pragmatic competence from the age of 4-5 years is good in all aspects. The politeness aspect has not been found in the two subjects studied.

Standarisasi bahasa merupakan prosesyang penting dalam menjaga konsistensi dan efektivitas komunikasi di antara individu-individu yang menggunakan bahasa yang sama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dampakstandarisasi bahasa dalam berbagai aspek kehidupanmasyarakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan meliputianalisis teks dan studi kasus. Analisis teks digunakan untukmemahami bagaimana standarisasi bahasa memengaruhi gayapenulisan dan komunikasi tertulis. Studi kasus dilakukanuntuk menginvestigasi dampak standarisasi bahasa dalamkonteks yang lebih terperinci, termasuk pendidikan, budaya, dan ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwastandarisasi bahasa memiliki dampak positif dalammeningkatkan efisiensi komunikasi, memfasilitasi pendidikan, memperkuat identitas budaya,dan memungkinkan partisipasidalam ekonomi global. Namun, terdapat juga dampak negatifseperti pengurangan keragaman linguistik dan potensi konflikbudaya. Penelitian ini menyajikan pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang pentingnya standarisasi bahasa dalammendukung komunikasi efektif dan memfasilitasipembangunan masyarakat yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.

Video games have evolved into a sophisticated narrative medium, seamlessly blending interactivity with complex storytelling. Unlike traditional media, games offer players an immersive role, allowing them to experience narratives dynamically rather than passively consuming them. Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade exemplifies this evolution, using character dialogue to deepen engagement and emotional investment. However, within its intricate narrative, conversational maxims, established by Grice’s Cooperative Principle, are frequently violated, creating layers of meaning that enhance storytelling. This study explores maxim violations in Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade: Chapter 17 - Deliverance from Chaos, analyzing how these pragmatic deviations shape character development, dramatic tension, and player interpretation. Through qualitative analysis, four primary categories of maxim violations (Quantity, Quality, Relevance, and Manner) are identified, each serving a distinct function in the game’s narrative. Findings suggest that these violations are not mere linguistic anomalies but deliberate storytelling devices that reinforce themes of mystery, deception, and emotional depth. By bridging pragmatics and interactive media, this research contributes to the understanding of how digital narratives employ language to craft compelling experiences, opening avenues for further exploration in game studies and linguistic pragmatics.

This study aims to measure the linguistic distance between Indonesian and Pontianak Malay through a dialectological approach. Indonesian, which is rooted in Malay, has undergone development through processes of standardization, the absorption of foreign vocabulary, and orthographic reform. However, the extent of the linguistic distance between Indonesian and Pontianak Malay has not been discussed in previous studies. This research employs the 200-word Swadesh list. The data were collected using the non-participatory observation method involving three native speakers of Pontianak Malay and were subsequently analyzed using Guiter’s (1974) dialectometric approach. The findings reveal that only 11 lexical items differ, with a percentage of difference below 20%. According to Guiter’s classification, the two varieties do not show significant differences and remain within the same language group. The differences identified are predominantly phonological variations, such as final sound changes and the deletion of certain consonants. These findings confirm that Indonesian and Pontianak Malay maintain a very high degree of linguistic proximity despite undergoing different historical developments.

As a part of translation, oral translation is a branch of the field of translation that focusing on interpreting language orally. Practically, oral translation has several weaknesses, one of which is unavailable of final data output from the translation that can be studied. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and investigate more deeply related aspects that are often studied in the field of interpreting. This study used a qualitative research approach with a comparative study approach who tried to find the pattern phenomenon of the problem, especially in court interpreting research. The results of the data showed in the comparative review of several articles form, especially in the court interpreting fields on legal aspects carried out in Indonesia and overseas. The final result can be concluded that research related to interpreting in Indonesia studies more focused on product based oriented meanwhile, the research conducted of overseas which more focused on aspects of process based oriented of oral translation, especially in court interpreting.

Missunderstandings can happen between language users. Based on Language Relativity theory, it’s because language depends on the knowledge, background and agreement of its user. This research studies a language missunderstanding caused by the utterances stated by Indonesia National Armed Force 2015-2017 Commander, in CNN Indonesia interview. The interview’s telling about him commanding his array to re-watch G30S/PKI movie. The research purposes to explain the types and the influence of the utterances stated, the caused and the form of the missunderstanding, and the language relativity happens in Linguistics point of views using descriptive qualitative method and gather and writing technique. The data taken from  CNN Indonesia official youtube on September 18, 2017 tittled Panglima TNI Perintahkan Seluruh Jajarannya untuk Nobar Film G30S/PKI. Based on Austin (1962) Speech Act theory, there are two types speech act found. There are Locutionary Act and Ilocutionary Act. The Ilocutionary Act utterances are included to Expositives, Verdictive and Commisives types. It gives impact as if the hearer must watch the G30S/PKI movie. The Context of the utterance was meant for the Armed Force he lead at the time that might be accepted differently by those who come from different backgrounds.This shows the language relativity phenomenon

Directive speech act is a type of speech act that can give influence to others. In humor discourse, directive speech acts can appear through forms of language use used by speakers to speech partners. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of directive speech acts and its most dominant form in YouTube Channel 'Warintil Official' videos. This research applies descriptive qualitative research paradigm. The data in this study are utterances containing directive forms spoken by the actors in the 'Warintil Official' video. The data collection techniques used are the observation method with free participant observation, recording technique, and note-taking. Data analysis consists of three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The result of this research shows that there are eight forms of directive speech acts, namely ordering, commanding, requesting, asking, recommending, prohibitives, permissives, and advising. The most dominant directive speech act in this study is asking. It shows that the speaker needs information from the speech partner