This research is aimed to describe: (1) The dynamics of personality in the Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript by Bondan Nusantara; (2) The value of education in Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript by Bondan Nusantara; and (3) The relevance of Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript by Bondan Nusantara towards the teaching material of exposition text in Senior High School grade XI. This research is a descriptive qualitative research which used literature psychological approach. The sample was taken using purposive sampling technique. The data obtained from the Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript by Bondan Nusantara, interviews with authors, literary experts especially ketoprak, people who are competent in psychology, Javanese language teachers, and students. Validity of data obtained through triangulation of theories, is doing the same topic research then researchers compare the documents or theory related to the object of the research. Data analysis technique used is flow analysis which includes three components, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this research are: (1) The personality dynamics of characters in the Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript by Bondan Nusantara are: (a) instinct, and (b) anxiety, The education values contained in the Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript are religious, moral, social , and culture, from those four values social values are the most dominant values; and (3) The relevance of the Rembulan Wungu ketoprakscript by Bondan Nusantara enables and can be used as teaching material for exposition of Javanese performing arts in Senior High School, this can be seen in terms of content, language, and the education values contained in it.

Textbooks are books that serve as guidelines for the teaching and learning process, one of which is the Class VII Javanese language textbook with the title "Mardika Basa lan Sastra Jawa" published by Erlangga. This research aims to describe the suitability of the content in the Class VII Javanese language textbook "Mardika Basa lan Sastra Jawa". This research is qualitative research with the technique used is content analysis, namely using interactive analysis (data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions). Content feasibility data was analyzed using instruments with relevant theory. The appropriateness of the content is reviewed from the suitability of the material and its accuracy. Based on the results of the analysis obtained, it can be concluded that the appropriateness of the content in the textbook "Mardika Basa lan Sastra Jawa" published by Erlangga obtains a percentage value of 74.4% if it is based on the content standards of the independent curriculum for local Javanese language content lessons, this has meaning that this book is suitable for use as a learning handbook in schools.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi makna filosofis yang ada dalam tradisi Dhawuhan di desa Warujanggan dan relevansinya sebagai materi ajar di SMP pada kompetensi dasar menelaah teks deskriptif tentang upacara adat daerah sesuai dengan karakteristik. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif berupa wawancara. Teknik sampling yang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tiga teknik, yaitu dokumentasi, wawancara, dan observasi. Teknik yang digunakan untuk uji validitas adalah triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi teori. Analisis data menggunakan model analisis etnografi model Spradley. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) wujud makna filosofis tradisi Dhawuhan di desa Warujanggan berdasarkan rangkaian kegiatan memiliki 5 makna filosofis; (2) wujud sesaji pada tradisi Dhawuhan di desa Warujanggan memiliki 12 makna filosofis; (3) tradisi Dhawuhan di desa Warujanggan memiliki relevansi sebagai materi ajar di SMP karena memiliki empat aspek, diantaranya: aspek ketuhanan, aspek sosial, aspek kognitif, dan aspek keterampilan. Hasil dari penelitian ini setidaknya memberikan referensi bagi guru untuk mengajarkan tradisi di daerah sendiri dan mampu memotivasi siswa untuk lebih giat belajar mengingat mereka belajar secara langsung ketika tradisi tersebut dilaksanakan.

This research aimed to study structural element and social conflicts existing in Wayang Orang Balai Sigala-gala video and to find out whether or not it was relevance to be used as the teaching materials of Javanese language learning in the Senior High School. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with content analysis type of research by exploring structural elements and social conflicts in Wayang Orang Balai Sigala-gala and its relevance to be learning media. The information source used included reference book, video, informant as informant of interview. Techniques of collecting data used were Library Research as well as in-depth interview with data validation test using data source triangulation in which the author incorporated data obtained from interview of informant and the data obtained from reference study ad content analysis on the research object. The result of the research showed that Wayang Orang Balai Sigala-gala had complete structural elements, just like the constructive element existing in prose genre generally. The social conflict study conducted indicated that Wayang Orang Balai Sigala-gala had social conflict constituting the reflection in current social condition on society to be analyzed easily by the studied in the Senior High Schools. The consistency of conflict existing in Wayang Orang Balai Sigala-gala with the social condition made this video relevant to be a teaching materials into Javanese Language learning. Considering the result of research, it could be concluded that Wayang Orang Balai Sigala-gala was relevant to be teaching materials to Javanese Language Learning in the Senior High Schools.

This study aims to describe the forms of language errors in Javanese advertising texts by class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Kartasura. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The data studied were all words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in the students' Javanese ad text. The source of the data used comes from the advertisement text documents of students. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to determine the sample. In collecting the data, the researcher used assignments and document analysis. Test the validity of the data using data triangulation and theory triangulation. The researcher used an interactive analysis model that consists of three major phases of data analysis, they were data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study are the forms of language errors in the Javanese advertising text by class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Kartasura are classified into three levels. First, language errors at the level of spelling (phonology) are 52 or 61,9% which consist of changes in phoneme vowels, changes in consonant phonemes, reduction of phonemes, and addition of phonemes. Second, language errors at the diction/word (morphology) level are 26 or 30,9% consisting of errors in word selection and formation. Third, language errors at the sentence level (syntax) are 6 or 7,1% consisting of incomplete sentence and illogical sentences.

This research aims to describe and explain the form of language politeness in the program Kuncung Bawuk TVRI Jogja. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The approach used is a pragmatic approach. The data in this study are utterances containing language politeness, while the source of data in this study is the transcript of the dialogue in the program Kuncung Bawuk. The data collection technique was carried out by the listening method and the speaking method. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling or certain considerations. The data validity test technique in this study used theoretical triangulation. The data analysis technique used in this research is content analysis technique. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the speech in the program Kuncung Bawuk TVRI Jogja, found the form of politeness in Javanese language as many as 23 data including: (a) the maxim of kurmat/respect as many as 10 data; (b) maxim andhap asor/humble as many as 3 data; (c) the maxim of empan papan/awareness of place as many as 6 data; and (d) the maxim of tepa slira/tolerance of 4 data.

Yogyawarta is a daily news broadcast that covers events in the Yogyakarta region and its surroundings. Yogyawarta is presented by a news anchor wearing traditional Yogyakarta attire and is delivered in the Javanese language, specifically with the highest politeness level (ragam krama inggil), as a representation of the local culture. Naturally, the Yogyawarta news anchor must possess qualifications and basic skills as a good news presenter. This research aims to describe the analysis of the qualifications and basic skills of Javanese-speaking news anchors in Yogyawarta at TVRI Yogyakarta station. The research method used is qualitative-descriptive. The data source for the research consists of Yogyawarta news broadcast videos from the first week of April 2022. Data collection techniques involve observation and documentation. Data analysis is conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that the Yogyawarta news anchors have met 11 qualifications for news anchors, including high intellect, strong personality, proficiency in news reading, credibility, journalistic knowledge and skills, clarity and clarity of voice, understanding and mastery of the medium, concern for listeners, attention to pronunciation, readiness for corrections, and preparedness for emergencies. Yogyawarta news anchors also possess two basic news anchor skills, which include vocal skills and personal skills. The dedication and professionalism of the presenters are demonstrated through their individual styles and abilities, supported by the use of traditional Javanese attire from Yogyakarta.

This research was aimed to improve student’s ability in writing appropriate with unggah-ungguh basa and well-mannered attitude in class VII E of  SMP 5 Madiun, using guided discovery learning model. This class action research was conducted in two cycles, which every cycles consisted of action planning, action, observing, and reflecting. The subject of the research were the students of class VII E SMP Negeri 5 Madiun which consist of 34 students. The sources of the data were from the teacher, the students, and teaching-learning process. The technique of collecting data used were test, observation, interview, and documentation. Triangulation technique, which were triangulation data and triangulation method, was used  to test the validity of the data. The technique to analize the quantitative data was statistic descriptive comparative technique, whereas to analize qualitative data was critical analysis technique. The research model used spiral model (planning, acting, observing, and reflecting). The result of this research showed that after implemented guided discovery learning model, students’s ability in writing appropriate with unggah-ungguh basa and well-mannered attitude have changed to be better. Based on the test of students’s ability in writing appropriate with unggah-ungguh basa, the percentage of the class passing grade increased from 37,5% in pre-cycle, became 66,7% in cycle 1 and 79,2% in cycle 2 from the total of 24 students. Meanwhile the improvement of well-mannered attitude based on observation and questionnaire about well-mannered attitude, was 41,7% during pre-cycle, then improved to 70,8% in cycle 1 and 87,5% in cycle 2. Based on the result and the discussion of the research, the conclusion that can be drawn is that the implementation guided discovery learning model can improve students’s ability in writing appropriate with unggah-ungguh basa and well-mannered attitude in class VII E of SMP 5 Madiun.

The existence of Javanese language learning for Javanese people in the Industrial Revolution 5.0 era is a relevant topic in the context of rapid technological transformation and social change. The Industrial Revolution 5.0 demands the ability to adapt to technological developments based on Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, and Big Data, but also poses major challenges to the preservation of regional culture and languages. This research aims to examine how Javanese language learning remains relevant and is one of the keys to maintaining the cultural identity of Javanese society amidst the rapid flow of globalization. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach through educational studies, identifying the important role of Javanese as a medium of communication, culture and education in Javanese society, and looking at how digital technology can be used to facilitate Javanese language learning effectively. The research results show that although technology brings challenges in terms of cultural shifts, if used appropriately, technology can be a tool to promote and introduce Javanese to the younger generation, through online platforms, learning applications and social media. Thus, the existence of Javanese language learning in the Industrial Revolution 5.0 era has a very strategic role in maintaining cultural diversity and strengthening the identity of Javanese society in an increasingly connected world.

THE IMPROVING JAVANESE CHARACTER READING AND WRITING SKILLS THROUGH A TEAMS GAME TOURNAMENT TYPE COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL USING PLASTIC BALLS FOR CLASS VIII C STUDENTS OF KRISTEN 1 SMP SURAKARTAThe purpose of this research is first to improve the quality of the process of learning to read and write Javanese script. The second is to improve the results of grades and skills in reading and writing Javanese script for Class VIII C SMP Kristen 1 Surakarta. This research is a classroom action research using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative data such as interviews with teachers and students, syllabi, and learning implementation plans were analyzed through critical analysis. Quantitative data in this study are lists of student scores, student activities, and teacher performance that were analyzed in a comparative descriptive way. Based on the results of the pre-action actions, the class average scores when students read and write Javanese script were 57.50 and 70.25. After applying the TGT learning model, the class average scores for reading and writing were 78.97 in cycle I. In cycle II, there was an increase in the results of the class average scores for reading and writing Javanese script, namely 83.50 and 86. Based on From the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the cooperative learning model of the Teams Game Tournament type can improve the quality of the process and improve the reading and writing skills of the Javanese script for class VIII C students of SMP Kristen 1 Surakarta. The researcher's suggestion for other researchers is to be able to add a literature review and replace learning media other than plastic balls to add variety to learning media.

Pembelajaran bahasa Jawa diperoleh pada tiap satuan pendidikan di SMA. Materi dalam pembelajaran tersebut beraneka ragam, misalnya pembelajaran pariwara di SMA. Materi pariwara di SMA biasanya hanya berasal dari buku teks. Guru sulit mencari materi yang berkaitan dengan pariwara. Iklan radio berbahasa Jawa sesungguhnya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber baru dalam materi ajar untuk mengatasi kesulitan tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan makna kohesi leksikal pada iklan radio berbahasa Jawa serta relevansinya sebagai materi pembelajaran pariwara di SMA. Lokasi penelitian yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data relevansi materi ajar pariwara bertempat di SMA Negeri 1 Gemolong. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis isi pada iklan radio berbahasa Jawa. Iklan radio berbahasa Jawa yang digunakan yaitu periode Maret-April 2019 dengan lingkup area Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, dan Yogyakarta. Adapun nama radio yang digunakan yaitu CJDW 107 FM, MDS 14,47 FM, Argososro 93,2 FM,  Persatuan Bantul 94,2 FM, Fortuna 101,9 FM, H 89,6 FM, Citra 98,8 FM, Gema Soedirman 96,3 FM, dan Handayani Adhiloka 99,9 FM.  Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu dalam wacana iklan radio berbahasa Jawa mengandung semua bentuk kohesi leksikal yang terdiri atas repetisi, sinonimi, antonimi, kolokasi, ekuivalensi, dan hiponimi. Wacana iklan radio berbahasa Jawa relevan dan sesuai dengan pembelajaran bahasa Jawa kelas XI semester genap pada kompetensi dasar menelaah teks iklan berbahasa Jawa dan menulis teks iklan berbahasa Jawa.

The purposes of this research are to describe:(1) form of politeness in news text in the Panjebar Semangat Magazine in 2015; (2) the relevance of news text in Panjebar Semangat magazine for teaching material’s review news text for 8th grade students of Junior High School/ Secondary School.Based on this research, it can be concluded that: (1) form of politeness in ten news text Panjebar Semangat Magazine consist of politeness principle and the most widely found is sympathy maxim, and the generosity maxim could not be found. For politeness scale, the most widely found is indirect scale, and the least used is optionally scale. On violation of the principle of politeness, the most widely found is aprobiation maxim and the least are generosity maxim and sympathy maxim, (2) politeness analysis in news text Panjebar Semangat magazine in 2015 are relevance to be used as teaching materials on news text review for 8th grade students of junior high school.

Differentiated learning as an answer to fulfill the needs of students who each have their own uniqueness is one manifestation of the implementation of the among system which includes the asah, asih and asuh methods. This kind of learning is carried out to inrease intellectual insight and knowledge so that it works according to the diversity of students through learning that does not force and guides students according to their respective diversity. This research aims is to know the implementation of the teachings of asah, asih and asuh in the implementation of differentiated learning specifically for Javanese language subjects. he research method used is qualitative in the nature of a library research (Library Research). Data collection techniques in this research is literature study and documentation techniques. The results of the research show that the application of differentiated learning in Javanese language subjects is in line with the among system concept coined by Ki Hadjar Dewantara regarding the concept of asah, asih, with the explanation as (1) the concept of asah in differentiated learning in Javanese language subjects aimed at increasing insight into the Javanese language. in accordance with the development of science based on the diversity of students (2) the concept of asih in differentiated learning of Javanese language subjects is demonstrated in the teacher's learning process according to the needs of students, (3) the concept of asuh in differentiated learning of Javanese language subjects is demonstrated by the way the teacher guides the participants educate according to their diversity by applying three aspects of differentiated learning.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan citra wanita tokoh Raden Ayu Bratapranata dalam novel Ibu karya Poerwadhie Atmodiharjo, nilai-nilai pendidikan pada tokoh Raden Ayu Bratapranata dalam novel Ibu karya Poerwadhie Atmodiharjo, dan relevansi novel Ibu karya Poerwadhie Atmodiharjo sebagai bahan ajar kelas XI tingkat SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan feminisme. Teknik validitas dalam penelitian ini menggunakan  triangulasi sumber data dan teori. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan analisis dokumen dan teknik wawancara. Peneliti menggunakan model analisis interaktif yang meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan simpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa citra wanita tokoh Raden Ayu Bratapranata dalam novel Ibu karya Poerwadhie Atmodiharjo berupa citra merak-ati, gemati, dan luluh;  nilai-nilai pendidikan pada tokoh Raden Ayu Bratapranata dalam novel Ibu karya Poerwadhie Atmodiharjo meliputi nilai pendidikan agama atau religius, nilai pendidikan sosial, nilai pendidikan moral atau etika, dan nilai pendidikan budaya; serta novel Ibu karya Poerwadhie Atmodiharjo dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif bahan ajar kelas XI tingkat SMA karena memuat nilai pendidikan yang baik untuk diteladani oleh siswa.

Dalam pelajaran bahasa siswa dituntut terampil berbicara. Namun masih banyak siswa yang kurang memiliki ketarampilan berbicara bahasa Jawa. Guru memilih model pembelajaran yang menarik perhatian siswa. Model pembelajaran yang digunakan yaitu kooperatif tipe Time Token Arends. Penelitian betujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pembelajaran model kooperatif tipe Time Token Arends.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang berlandaskan pada filsafat postpositivisme untuk meneliti keadaan objek yang alamiah, dimana peneliti sebagai instrumen kunci. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumen. Analisis data menggunakan teknik triangulasi.Penelitian yang dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Karanggede, bahwa langkah-langkah Pembelajaran Time Token Arens meliputi: guru membentuk kelompok beranggota 4 siswa,  membagi kupon berbicara kepada seluruh peserta didik dan teks pawarta pada setiap kelompok, guru memberikan kesempatan pada kelompok untuk berdiskusi, guru mempersilakan perwakilan kelompok untuk  berbicara secara bergantian, guru mempersilakan peserta didik yang lain untuk menanggapi, guru memberikan kesempatan satu kali bagi tiap peserta didik untuk berbicara.Hambatannya guru kesulitan membagi waktu, solusinya dibagi menjadi dua pertemuan. Guru harus menyiapkan media pembelajaran yang banyak memakan waktu dan tenaga, solusinya melibatkan siswa dalam mencari teks pawarta.  Siswa merasa dibatasi waktu untuk menyampaikan tanggapan, solusinya dengan penambahan waktu, yang baerasal dari daerah lain, solusinya dengan pelatihan individual.

The aims of this study are to describe the intrinsic elements and education values of the short stories in Jaya Baya Magazine in the edition of August to October 2014, and to describe the relevance of the intrinsic elements and education value of the short sories in Jaya Baya Magazine as teaching materials in Javanese literature appreciation in Senior High School class X. The results showed that the majority themes in the short stories is traditional-based themes. The plot used by the authors in the short sories is chronological plot. The characters consist of the main characters and supporting characters. Characterizations raised through the physical, psychological, and social background. Psychical character was raised by expository and dramatic technique. The setting includes places, time, and social. The point of view which is majority used is first-person perspective. The messages which are conveyed are regarding to attitudes towards oneself, against others, and against God. Moral values are most numerous in Welingmu and Mbah Kakung. Social value in Welingmu and Oncating Cahya. Cultural values in Nglegok. Religious value in Welingmu, Mbah Kakung, and Oncating Cahya. Based on the results of the study on the intrinsic elements and education values, the short stories in Jaya Baya Magazine in the edition of August to October 2014 can be used as teaching materials Javanese literature appreciation in Senior High School Class X.

Language functions not only as a tool for communication but also as a reflection of the speaker’s attitudes and the social values they uphold. In the educational context, particularly in Javanese language learning at the junior high school (SMP) level, the use of polite language is essential for creating a harmonious and educational learning environment. However, in practice, violations of linguistic politeness principles are often found, committed by both teachers and students. This paper describes the forms of linguistic politeness violations in teacher-student conversations during Javanese language learning in junior high school, using a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects were selected using purposive sampling, with data sources including settings, events, and documents. Data collection techniques involved observation and document analysis. The research findings revealed a total of 44 instances of violations of politeness principles in teacher-student conversations during Javanese language lessons. This study is expected to serve as a reference for improving the quality of educational communication in schools through the development of linguistic politeness in the learning process.

Masalah yang ditemukan dalam pembelajaran menulis geguritan terkait dengan keterbatasan materi yang didapat siswa terpaku pada buku teks, lembar kerja siswa dan penjelasan guru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan struktur metafora beserta pilihan citranya, nilai pendidikan, serta relevansi antologi geguritan Salam Sapan saka Gunung Gamping karya Sunaryata Soemardjo sebagai materi ajar kelas VII SMP. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan semantik. Data pada penelitian ini yaitu analisis struktur metafora serta pilihan citranya, nilai pendidikan, dan relevansi antologi tersebut sebagai materi ajar SMP kelas VII. Pengambilan subjek penelitian menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik analisis dokumen dan wawancara. Uji validitas data dalam penelitian ini dengan teknik triangulasi teori dan sumber data. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis isi melalui empat tahap yaitu pengumpulan data, reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan simpulan dengan verifikasinya. Simpulan dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan struktur metafora ditemukan dalam bentuk tataran frasa dan klausa serta citra metaforanya yaitu: antropomorfik, hewan, abstrak ke konkret, dan sinestesia. Nilai pendidikan yang terkandung meliputi: nilai religius, nilai moral, nilai sosial, dan nilai budaya. Antologi geguritan Salam Sapan saka Gunung Gamping karya Sunaryata Soemardjo terbukti relevan untuk dijadikan materi ajar kelas VII SMP. Saran dari peneliti hendaknya guru memanfaatkan antologi geguritan ini sebagai materi ajar yang didukung dengan metode dan media kreatif serta siswa hendaknya menumbuhkan rasa cinta terhadap sastra Jawa melalui kegiatan menulis geguritan.

Politeness principles violations still present in movies, including short comedy movies in Lula Studio Youtube channel. It becomes a concern as such violations may serve as a model for people who watch the movies. Therefore, the present study attempted to depict the forms of politeness principle violation in short comedy movies in Lula Studio and provided a reference to minimize further language impoliteness. To this end, a descriptive qualitative with pragmatic approach was applied. The data in this study were speech among the movie actors, collected through document analysis and researchers’ note. The movie samples were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Theory triangulation was applied to ensure the data validity. The data were analyzed using flow analysis technique. Twenty one violations were noticed from seven movies in Lula studio, which covers Leech’s six language politeness maxims and Asim Gunawan’s four language politeness maxims.

This research is a classroom action research that is aimed to improve interest and writing skill in writing exposition about Javanese performing art using mind mapping method in XI MIA 9 students of SMA Negeri 1 Karanganyar. This research was conducted in two cycles, each cycle consists of planning, acting, observing and reflecting. The subject of this action research is students of class XI MIA 9 SMA Negeri 1 Karanganyar and a teacher in the learning process. The source of the data was obtained from informant (students and teachers), places and event, and documents. The technique of collecting data that is used was interview, observation and document analysis. The validity test was using triangulation method and data. The method of data analysis was using qualitative descriptive analysis and descriptive comparative analysis. Based on the research, concluded that the application of mind mapping methods can increase student interest. This can be demostrated by the observation of the average activity in the first cycle at 69 with sufficient criteria and increased to 83.5 in the second cycle with the criteria very well. Secondly, mind mapping method can improve the writing skills of exposition text. Whereas, in the case of writing skill in writing exposition text, the amount of the students that passed in pre-research were 32% students, while the amount of the students that did not passed is 68% students. After the treatment is implemented in cycle I, the amount of the students that passed was 71% students and 29% students did not passed. Furthermore, in cycle II 87% students passed. The conclusion of this research is the implementation of mind mapping method can improve learning interest and writing skill in writing exposition text.