COVID-19 terdeteksi di Indonesia pada tahun 2020, dan merupakan awal pandemi di Indonesia yang ditandai dengan penyebaran virus tersebut ke seluruh daerah. Pandemic COVID-19 memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap aktivitas manusia. Selain itu, dampak lainnya adalah adanya degradasi lingkungan. Kegiatan survey dan monitoring dilakukan pada Bulan November-Desember 2021 dengan melibatkan 12 mahasiswa serta satu asisten pendamping. Setiap hari, surveyor/observer melakukan pengamatan di tempat umum seperti sekolah, kantor pemerintahan, pasar, kafe dan toko. Kegiatan yang diamati meliputi pengamatan kondisi lingkungan, kebiasaan masyarakat terhadap protokol kesehatan, serta pola hidup sehat. Hasil pemantauan 3M adalah berkisar lebih dari 60% warga Desa Cibodas kurang memperhatikan protokol kesehatan yang ada. kasus COVID-19 yang rendah di Desa Cibodas menjadi alasan utama kenapa kepedulian terhadap pemakaian masker menurun. Disisi lain, menjaga jarak dan fasilitas mencuci tangan di Desa Cibodas sudah sangat baik. pola hidup sehat sudah dilakukan di Desa Cibodas antara lain melalui olahraga rutin, senam sehat, bersepeda, dan kejuaraan olah raga seperti badminton dan volley ball. Salah satu acara yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan ini adalah dengan senam sehat. Sampah di cibodas masih sama aja jenisnya. Sekarang tambah ada sampah masker selama covid ini. Untuk sampah bekas vaksin seperti jarum dan bekas medis lainnya biasanya dibawa lagi.

Noodles are much loved by the public and if product diversification is carried out, it can increase the nutritional content of the noodles. This service aims to provide knowledge about the processing of noodles given a mixture of carrots and kale in Patehan, Keraton, Yogyakarta City. This service has been carried out and attended by 20 participants. The method of implementation by providing education and practice directly. The implementation stage began with providing socialization and delivery of material on the use of carrots and kale in making noodles and ended with a question and answer session for participants and resource persons. Furthermore, the practice of making noodles by participants was carried out. The results of the service showed that participants' knowledge increased and could use carrots and kale for noodle making ingredients well and could produce healthy noodle products that are rich in nutrients. Noodle-making training using carrots and kale can improve the knowledge and skills of residents of Patehan, Keraton, Yogykarta. Keywords: Noodles, carrot, kale, diversification, Yogyakarta City

Desa Sindangsari, Kecamatan Sukasari, Kabupaten Sumedang memiliki potensi besar dalam bidang perikanan khususnya budidaya ikan, namun pengembangan sektor ini masih belum optimal. Salah satu upaya yang tengah dilaksanakan adalah pembentukan kelompok budidaya ikan dan penerapan sistem biofloc dalam budidaya ikan. Kelompok budidaya ini nantinya sebagai wadah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, memberikan pendampingan, dan memotivasi masyarakat setempat dalam menghasilkan produk perikanan yang memenuhi standar kualitas nasional Indonesia. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah peningkatan pemahaman masyarakat tentang teknologi penanganan hasil perikanan, mulai dari proses panen hingga distribusi ikan dalam kondisi hidup atau segar kepada konsumen. Metode yang diterapkan adalah penyuluhan dan diskusi mengenai penanganan ikan hidup dan segar kepada anggota kelompok pembudidaya ikan di Desa Sindangsari. Peserta penyuluhan menunjukkan antusiasme yang tinggi dan aktif berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan. Kegiatan ini bersifat interaktif, memungkinkan peserta untuk berdiskusi dan bertanya jika ada hal yang belum dipahami. Para peserta berkomitmen untuk menerapkan teknik penanganan ikan sesuai dengan materi yang diajarkan. Pembinaan dan pendampingan lebih lanjut sangat diperlukan untuk memastikan keberlanjutan usaha perikanan di Desa Sindangsari.

Program pengabdian ini bertujuan memperkenalkan konsep bisnis digital sebagai sarana pemasaran produk peternakan kepada peternak rakyat di Kelurahan Pakintelan, Gunungpati, Semarang. Tantangan utama yang dihadapi mencakup keterbatasan akses informasi, rendahnya keterampilan digital, dan ketergantungan pada metode pemasaran konvensional. Melalui pendekatan edukatif yang melibatkan penyuluhan, diskusi interaktif, dan sesi tanya jawab serta kuisioner, peserta memperoleh pemahaman mengenai pentingnya transformasi digital, pengenalan platform seperti WhatsApp Business, Instagram, dan Facebook, serta keterampilan praktis dalam membuat konten promosi produk peternakan. Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan dalam tiga aspek utama yaitu pemahaman konsep bisnis digital, sikap terhadap penggunaan media sosial untuk bisnis, dan keinginan untuk mencoba usaha digital. Antusiasme tinggi peserta selama diskusi menunjukkan motivasi mereka untuk menerapkan strategi pemasaran digital sederhana. Program ini juga mendukung integrasi antara kemandirian ekonomi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis teknologi. Dampak yang diharapkan meliputi tumbuhnya kesadaran digital di kalangan peternak rakyat, peningkatan keterampilan promosi online, serta motivasi yang kuat untuk mengelola usaha peternakan secara mandiri dan responsif terhadap perkembangan zaman digital.

The use of drugs that are less soluble in water will become clinically less efficient, this is caused by the low penetration of the drug into the body. A microemulsion is a dispersion system such as an emulsion that can increase the solubility of drugs that are sometimes difficult to dissolve in water. Microemulsions have long-term stability, clear, transparent, and good penetration capabilities. In this study, a microemulsion formulation with active ingredients griseofulvin and virgin coconut oil was conducted as an oil phase. The resulting microemulsion evaluates physical stability during 35 storage days. The results showed that the microemulsion preparation remained stable during storage time without changes in color, odor, and consistency, while the pH and dosage viscosity experienced less significant changes. The consequences of the centrifugation test at 3700 rpm for 5 hours and freezing tests for 24 days showed stable preparation and cannot be separated. The diffusion test results obtained by FG2 had the largest permeation percentages of 3.6136%, FG3 2.8724%, and the smallest FG1 2.0477%.Keywords: microemulsion, griseofulvin, stability, diffusion test

Drug Delivery System is a method of drug formulation, which aims to deliver the active substance to achieve a therapeutic effect in the body. Along with the development of science in the field of drug manufacturing technology, drug delivery systems have evolved from conventional to targeted delivery systems and even nanorobots, gene therapy, biological products, and long-term delivery systems.Among the drug delivery systems that have been developed, nanotechnology has been applied as a targeted delivery system such as in cancer treatment. This review is focused on nanotechnology especially in nanoparticle dosage forms, including liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, micelles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanocapsules, and gold nanoparticles. The data were collected from 41 primary published journals and 20 supporting literatures. The basic principles, strategies, and carrier systems used in the manufacture of each preparation will be presented in this article, including prospects in the future for SOPs.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global public health concern due to its progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the associated high morbidity and mortality rates. Efavirenz (EFV), an antiretroviral drug, is widely used to manage HIV/AIDS. However, EFV exhibits poor aqueous solubility and variable bioavailability, necessitating techniques to enhance its solubility and dissolution for improved therapeutic efficacy. This study reviewed methods to enhance EFV solubility using data from research published between 2019 and 2023. Various approaches, including Nano Micelles, Wet Milling, Co-crystals, Physical Mixtures, Nanocrystals, Dry Milling, and Liquisolid techniques, were analysed. The results demonstrated significant solubility enhancements. For instance, Fuentes (2024) achieved a 50% dissolution efficiency using Nano Micelles, while wet milling by Prado (2024) increased dissolution from 83.48% to 99.10% over 150 minutes. Co-crystals, such as those studied by Gowda (2022), improved solubility from 94.16 µg/mL (pure EFV) to 197.32 µg/mL (EFV-DL-Alanine). Sartori's (2022) Nanocrystals technique demonstrated a dissolution efficiency of 98.41%. Furthermore, physical mixtures like Nel's (2022) combination of EFV with pea protein isolate achieved a solubility increase from 1.00 mg/mL to 2.30 mg/mL. These methods highlight advancements in solubility enhancement techniques that improve EFV’s pharmacokinetic profile. These findings can guide the development of more effective pharmaceutical formulations, improving treatment outcomes for individuals living with HIV/AIDS.

Atorvastatin calcium is statin class dyslipidemia drug which belongs to the class 2 bioclassification system (BCS) drug, namely drugs that have high permeability and low water solubility. Low solubility in water makes atorvastatin calcium also has low bioavailability (12%). Encapsulation method as a drug delivery system enable bioavailability enhancement of a drug. The aim of this literature review is to discover encapsulation method that can enhance oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium in recent research and to explain how obtained encapsulation method could enhance the bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium. The obtained research article from PubMed database. Several forms of encapsulation showed an enhancement in bioavailability, namely nanoparticles, and nanocrystals, nanosponges, nano lipid carrier (NLC), micro and nanoemulsions, and inclusion complexes. The highest increase in oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium was obtained by the formation of nanosponges using β-cyclodextrin material with the condensation-polymerization preparation method succeeded in increasing oral bioavailability by 14 times when compared to pure calcium atorvastatin formulations.Keywords: Atorvastatin calcium, Bioavailability, Encapsulation

Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) show high efficacy in about 50% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with wild-type KRAS. However, < 20% of patients with KRAS wild-type CRC have continued therapeutic effects with these agents, and acquired resistance to treatment has become a serious clinical problem. In this study, to clarify the factors related to acquisition of resistance to cetuximab (Cmab) and establish countermeasures against such acquired resistance, we conducted a comprehensive protein analysis via a proteomics approach using acquired resistance cell lines derived from Cmab-sensitive CRC cell lines and original cell lines. Cmab-acquired resistance cell lines were generated by continuous exposure of SW48 and C99 cell lines to Cmab. Expression of dCK and zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 41 (ZBTB41) increased more than 10-fold, and dual specificity protein phosphatase 3 (DUS3) expression decreased by less than 1/10 with acquisition of resistance to Cmab in both C99 and SW48 cell lines. Because overexpression of dCK is known as a positive indicator of efficacy of nucleoside analogs such as cytarabine or gemcitabine, it is considered that nucleoside analogs activated by dCK may be useful agents in treatment of cancers with acquired Cmab-resistance. In the future, we need to clarify the usefulness of these drugs for the treatment of Cmab resistant CRC and to assess the possibility of restoration of Cmab sensitivity by regulation of ZBTB41 and DUS3 expression.Keyword : cetuximab, colorectal cancer, acquired resistance, protein, dCK, ZBTB41

Herbal medicine is increasingly being used in human and veterinary medicine to reduce and prevent minor ailments and support conventional treatment using allopathic medicine. The medicinal properties of the plants used in phytotherapy are due to the large number of active compounds found in the plant kingdom. The active compounds extracted from the plant is often equivalent to a synthetic drug according to its therapeutic efficacy; thus, they are used in veterinary medicine, primarily as antibacterial, antimycotic, antiparasitic, disinfect, and immunostimulant.pharmaceutical quality, ensuring safety, specific standards of purity, and consistency. These standards apply throughout the production and formulation process. This review describes the development of herbs that can be used as veterinary drugs with the possibility of dosage form technology. Veterinary dosage forms show great promise for the future of the herbal veterinary delivery system.Keywords: Veterinary drug, herbal medicine, dosage form, drug delivery.

Citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) was formulated into shampoo preparations to overcome dandruff. Dandruff is a condition which exfoliation of the excess horny layer on the scalp and forms fine scales caused by fungal infections of Candida albicans. The purpose of this study was to determine the antifungal activity and quality of the citronella oil shampoo. Citronella oil was taken using a steam distillation method. The oil produced has good quality because it meet the range of organoleptic requirements, which were the refractive index 1.483, density 0.890g/mL and citronellal content 41.720%. MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentration) to find out the lowest concentration of shampoo which can still inhibit the growth of Candida albicans was 2%. Citronella oil then formulated into shampoo with F1 (4%) F2 (6%) and F3 (8%) oil concentrations. The results of the quality of shampoo evaluation showed that all formulations met the requirements of pH, viscosity, and foam height. In testing the antifungal activity of shampoo was known that the greater the concentration of oil in the shampoo, the greater the antifungal activity in the shampoo.Keywords: Citronella oil, shampoo, antifungal activity

Free radicals are naturally produced from the body's metabolic processes, but the excessive amount of free radicals can interfere with human health because they cause oxidative stress. Therefore we need antioxidants that can protect against free radicals. Ficus lyrata W. is one of the antioxidant sources. This study aims to formulate instant granules from the Ethanol extract of Ficus lyrata W. using the wet granulation method. The formula is optimized using the Design Expert with the two-level factorial method. The optimized factors are xanthan gum 0,8-1,5% and PVP 0,5-5%. Granules are evaluated and analyzed using a Design Expert. The results obtained showed that Formula 4 with a combination of xanthan gum 0,8% and PVP 5% is the best formula, which the evaluation result is Loss On Drying (LOD) 3,28%, Flowability 16.043 ± 0.221 (g/s), Angle of Rest 21.77 ± 0.862, no precipitate for15 minutes, pH = 4.7, dispersed in 31 seconds and sedimentation time is 52.213 ± 1.7878 (minutes), the results of the antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of Ficus lyrata is 38,27 µg/ml, and instant granules is 145,02 µg/ml.Keywords: Antioxidant, Ficus lyrata W., Instant granules, Design expert

A Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is a formulation approach used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Atorvastatin calcium has limited water solubility, which can affect its bioavailability when administered orally. Its solubility can be enhanced by various formulation techniques, such as the use of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). The purpose of this study is to determine the formulation and characterization of SNEDDS and determine how it affects the bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium. The data were collected from published journals. The carrier components required in the formulation of atorvastatin calcium with SNEDDS formulation include oils (oleic acid, peceol, capyrol 90, and capmul CMC), surfactants (tween 80, tween 20, labrasol, cremophor RH 40) and co-surfactants (brij 30, propylene glycol, transcutol-P, PEG 400, transcutol HP). Characterization of atorvastatin calcium with SNEDDS formulation showed droplet size 21.6-162.2 nm; zeta potential -1.32 - 24.6±6.47 mV; and polydensity index 0.164 - 0.297. SNEDDS formulation increased the percentage of drug release and increased the bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium. Keywords: self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, SNEDDS, atorvastatin                      calcium, formulation, characteristics, dissolution, bioavailability

Skin constantly exposed by the environmental stresses, such as pollutants, solar radiation, heat, and cold, which cause the free radicals that cause premature aging. This bad effects of free radicals can be reduced by natural antioxidants such as Beluntas china (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC) extract. The antioxidants use of beluntas china extract for skin will be more optimal if it is applied by appropriate form, emulgel, which has stronger consistency and longer contact time than gel. The aim of this research was to formulate an antioxidant emulgel from beluntas china extract, which is effective, stable, and safe with the best gelling agent. The extract was formulated by variety types of gelling agents which were carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and carbomer 934. Then, the physical stability was evaluated, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and freeze thaw. The results showed that formulation of carbomer 934 1% 2xIC50 extract concentration give the best physical stability evaluation for 60 days storage time.Keywords: antioxidant, beluntas china extract, emulgel, free radicals, skin

Consumers demanded the quality of solid soap for the bath were having a solid texture, high foam stability, and fulfillment of the national quality standard in SNI 3522:2021. Soap characteristics and quality are affected by soap bases and the existence of natural additive matter with antioxidant properties such as propolis extracts. The study aims to determine an optimum formula for soap production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken experimental design. The research conducted in several stages, its consist to propolis extraction, soap formulation and production, RSM analysis towards predetermined responses, model validation, and products characterization (in optimum formulation). Optimized factors consist of the content of propolis extracts, coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils, while the response was moisture content, foam stability, and antioxidant inhibition. The results showed each response has a significant model to get an optimum formula for propolis extracts soap production. The optimum formula for soap production requires 1.545 g propolis extracts, 13.097 g coconut oils, 29.629 g palm oils, and 29.809 g olive oils with the model validation for each response were 95.5% moisture content, 96.5% foam stability, and 97.5% antioxidant inhibition. Soap characterization in the optimum formula fulfilled the quality standard requirement in SNI 3522:2021 its consists of 20.24% moisture content, 2.22% insoluble ingredients in ethanol, and 0.07% free alkali content. Keywords: Box-Behnken Design, Formula Optimization, Propolis Extracts, RSM, Solid Soap.

One of the most popular pharmaceutical preparations for the eyes today is in situ gel. The in situ gel system is a system that is liquid at room temperature but will form a gel when it comes into contact with the body or undergoes a change in pH. The form of the drug delivery system is in-situ is a type of mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Gel formation depends on several factors such as temperature modulation, pH changes, the presence of ions, ultra-violet irradiation, electrical sensitivity, and the enzyme by which the active substance is released. The purpose of this study is to compare the therapeutic efficacy of in situ gel medicines on pH, temperature triggered, and ion activated gelling systems. A drug in situ gel is a drug delivery device that transforms into a gel after being applied to the body. The findings revealed that the pH, temperature triggered, and ion activated gelling system factors had a substantial influence on the extended release medicines that affect the therapeutic effect of in situ gel medications. This comparative investigation demonstrates that the pH, temperature triggered, and ion activated gelling system factors have significant implications on the therapeutic benefits of in situ gelled medicines. A deeper knowledge of the relationships between these variables and in situ gel drug delivery methods can lead to the development of more effective and dependable medication compositions. These findings could aid in the development of improved gel in situ drug delivery systems to improve therapeutic benefits in the treatment of a variety of medical disorders.  Keywords: in situ gel, pH triggered, temperature triggered, ion activated, therapeutic effect.

We developed a simple and rapid method for the determination of abemaciclib in human serum using supported liquid extraction (SLE) method for pretreatment and LC-MS/MS. Abemaciclib was extracted using SLE method with methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE) as elution buffer, and analyzed by LC-QTOF MS system, LCMS9030 (Shimadzu). Abemaciclib and fluconazole (internal standard) were detected with ESI spray in positive ionization mode, and the transition were set at 507.3/393.1629 for abemaciclib and 307.1/220.0677 for fluconazole. The retention times of abemaciclib and fluconazole were 2.76 and 2.98 min, respectively, and good linearity was obtained from 20–1,000 ng/mL for abemaciclib. The regression equation (weight = 1/x2) describing the calibration curve in human serum was y = 0.0196 x – 0.056 (R2 = 0.999), where y is the peak area ratio of abemaciclib against the IS and x is the nominal concentration of abemaciclib. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy varied between -4.3–1.7%, and the precision varied between 0.90–6.19%. The mean recovery rate of abemaciclib was 87.7 ± 4.3%, and the mean matrix factor was 1.00 ± 0.083. Our method offers speed and simplicity of sample preparation, which is one of great advantages in the analysis of clinical specimens. We believe that the present method will contribute to establishing a methodology for determining the optimal dose of abemaciclib for individual patients. Key words: abemaciclib, SLE, supported liquid extraction, quantification

Traditional herbal liquid remedies may be converted into solid dosage forms for enhanced product stability, patient convenience and compliance. Hidden Treasure mixture (HTM) is an herbal decoction produced and used by Hidden Treasure Herbal Clinic(HTHC) in Ghana for the management of diabetes. The objective of the study was to transform the HTM herbal decoction into oral capsules. The amount of dried extract per dose (120 ml) of HTM decoction was determined together with the maximum wavelength of absorption. Different adsorbents were incorporated in the HTM extract at 75, 150, 225 and 300 mg per dose of HTM to facilitate adsorption of water and enhance the processing of the dried extracts. The adsorbent-HTM extract mix were dried in hot air oven at 60 ºC for 72 hours and subsequently processed into granules by dry granulation. The granules were evaluated for their ease of scrapping and processing, percentage loss in weight, flow properties and dissolution in aqueous medium. The weight of dried extract per dose was 350 mg. Light magnesium carbonate produced granules with the best ease of scrapping and processing and showed optimum release of 80.29% at 75 mg per dose. A maximum weight of 560 mg of HTM granules were used to fill size O capsule shells. Using LMC as adsorbent, the adsorbent-HTM granules were processed into capsules with talc and lactose as glidant and diluent respectively. The HTM capsules produced passed the stipulated British Pharmacopoeia quality control tests for hard capsules and can be used as replacement for the HTM decoction.Keywords: Decoction, Adsorbent extract-mix, Dry granulation, percent release,Granules.

About 40% of approved drugs and nearly 90% of drug candidates have low aqueous solubility which limits their bioavailability resulting in suboptimal pharmacological activity. According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), drugs with low solubility and high permeability are categorized as BCS Class II, where the dissolution rate becomes a key factor in gastrointestinal absorption. One approach to increasing its solubility is the formation of an amorphous state, which lowers lattice energy and enhances dissolution. However, the amorphous form tends to be unstable and prone to recrystallization. Mesoporous silica has been developed as a drug delivery system capable of maintaining the stability of the amorphous form through molecular interactions with silanol groups and the nano-confinement effect that suppresses crystal growth. With a high surface area and tunable pore structure, mesoporous silica enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs, ultimately contributing to improved pharmacological activity. This review summarizes the development of mesoporous silica formulations in drug delivery systems for BCS Class II drugs to enhance their pharmacological efficacy.

The application of sunscreen products containing natural compounds is one ofalternative popular ways to protect the skin from the harmful effects of sunexposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sunscreen activity of papayaleaf extract. The ethanol extract of papaya leaf was fractionated to obtain ethanol,n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water extracts. The value of SPF 15, percenttransmission of erythema (1% Te ), and the percent transmission of pigmentation40 (% Tp) of each extract were calculated in vitro by using spectrophotometricmethod. among the extract examined, the ethyl acetate extract was found to be themost effective to reach Sun Protection Factor (SPF) 15 (ultra-protection category)and 1% Te (sunblock category) at a minimum concentration of 90.08 ppm and63.49 ppm. Meanwhile n-hexane extract was the most effective to reach 40% tp(sunblock category) at a minimum concentration of 30.68 ppm. The minimumconcentration of papaya leaf extracts required to reach SPF 15, 1% Te and 40% Tpwere far below the concentration of sunscreen compounds allowed in commercialcosmetic products. It can be concluded that papaya leaf extract have significantsunscreen property for use as cosmetic ingredient.Keywords: Carica papaya, SPF, Transmission of erythema, Transmission ofpigmentation