Durian seed (Durio zibethinus Murr.) has a high starch content (46.2%) and thus can be used as a new source of starch for the raw materials of pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, we fabricated native and enzymatically modified durian seed starch using a rough enzyme extract from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Wet grinding method was used for starch production. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was investigated by organoleptic, acidity-basicity, loss on drying,  flow capability, compressibility, ash content and microbial limit. In addition, viscoamylograph had been done to clarify the viscosity properties of the starches. The result of starch production showed that the durian seed had a starch yield of 17.68%. Physicochemical characterization of the starch showed that the results of quality testing had fulfilled the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia 4th edition standards requirements, such as description, identification, acidity-basicity, loss on drying, ash content and microbial limit. In addition, viscoamylograph study showed that the enzymatically modified durian seed starch had a higher viscosity than the native durian seed starch. Interestingly, modification of the durian seed starch using a rough enzyme extract improved its flow capability and compressibility. These results suggest that the modified durian seed starch experienced an increase in viscosity, compressibility and flow capability compared to native durian starch.  Keywords: durian, seed, starch, enzymatic modification

Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a plant that has been widely used in Asia, especially in the health sector. This can be related to other than that saffron is also known for its use as a cosmetic because Saffron has various kinds of pharmacological activities beneficial to human skin. Today's cosmetic users prefer cosmetics with herbal or natural ingredients, especially in Indonesia. This happens because it is considered that herbal cosmetics are safer and harmless in long-term use. Therefore, it is necessary to do related act ivities of saffron as a cosmetic ingredient. This is narrative research where the data is obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with keywords Saffron, Saffron for cosmetics, and others. There were eight references, with inclusion criteria being national and international journals and national websites published in 2011-2021, especially regarding the study of saffron activity as an ingredient for cosmetics. Then the data is analyzed narratively. It was found that Saffron (Crocus sativus) contains compounds that have a cosmetic activity such as safranal which can be used as a perfume, crocin as an antioxidant and as anti-dark spot, crocin, safranal, and crocetin as anti-UV, crocin, and crocetin as an anti-inflammatory and as coloring pigment in cosmetics, vitamin C, flavonoids and zinc as a face toner, kaempferol, crocin and crocetin as anti-wrinkle, zeaxanthin, lycopene, carotene, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol, and crocin as anti-aging. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has various beneficial activities for the skin, so it can be used as an ingredient in making cosmetics.Keywords : Cosmetics, Herbal, Saffron, Herbal Cosmetics, Active Ingredient

Permethrin Cream 5%, a topical scabicidal agent, is usually used for the treatment of infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies). Nowadays, neem oil,  a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss), is reported having an antiscabies effect. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of cream containing neem oil 5%. Methods of the study were characterization of physicochemical properties of neem oil, preparation and physical stability study at room temperature (25 oC) and 40 oC for three months storage of the neem oil 5% cream. Physical evaluation involved organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, tipe of cream and  viscosity. The study results showed that all of the physicochemical properties of neem oil met the requirement. The cream were white to yellowish white, characteristic neem oil odor, homogenous cream, pH ± 8, viscosity approximately 2000-8000 cps and o/w cream. Three months storage of the cream showed that the formula resulted a stable cream physically.Keywords: neem oil, permethrin, scabies, Azadirachta indica A.Juss

Increased production output is the main priority in the pharmaceutical industry. Productivity of primary packaging process which plays an important role in producing output can be improved and maintained by conducting regular OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) analysis of the machinery and processes. OEE is a calculation method that is carried out thoroughly to identify the level of productivity and performance of machines or equipment. The OEE consists of three main measurements, namely availability, performance, and quality. In this study, line stop activities were observed during the primary packaging process that affected the OEE value of stripping machines in one of the pharmaceutical industries in the city of Jakarta. Research is carried out by observing, recording, and processing data related to primary packaging processes such as line stops and the number of products produced. Based on our study, we found that most of the line stops in the primary packaging process are caused by the changing of the polycellonium of the primary packaging material. Thus, we conclude that reducing changing of the polycellonium time from 10 minutes to 5 minutes will be beneficial to increase the operating time by 8% and increase the OEE value by 5%.Keywords: Primary Packaging Process, Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE),  Stripping Machine, Net Operating Time

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease worldwide has been reported to increase every year with hypertension serving as the leading cause. The recommended treatment for chronic kidney disease patients with a history of hypertension is antihypertensive medications, which could cause side effects from prolonged use. Hence, the authors sought out a possible novel modality by implementing antioxidant properties from beard lichen (Usnea spp.) extract. Literature search was conducted on trusted scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, DOAJ, and Cochrane. The pathophysiology of hypertension in the progression of chronic kidney disease could mainly be attributed to the presence of inflammation and oxidative stress, which could be attenuated by the use of antioxidants. Lichens are a class of complex living organisms resulting from a symbiosis that allows them to synthesize various beneficial phytochemicals. Usnic and stictic acid derived from Usnea spp. are part of phenolic compounds that display strong antioxidant activities. In order for these antioxidants to have a focused effect on the kidneys, a kidney-targeted drug delivery system should be considered with lysozyme conjugation being the most studied method. The combination of Usnea spp. extract’s antioxidant capabilities with lysozyme conjugation could serve as a potential novel modality in the specific prevention of chronic kidney disease progression.                 Keywords: antioxidant; chronic kidney disease; lysozyme conjugation; Usnea                       spp.

Many techniques can be used to improve drug solubility, which is the development of the liquisolid technique. This technique has a mechanism for increasing the surface area of the drug as well as wetting from the addition of non-volatile solvents resulting in a lower surface tension and contact angle, so the solubility and drug release very increases. Liquisolid tablets show a lower contact angle compared to the conventional tablets. The liquisolid technique approach is also promising because the process is simple in making low production costs and allows the manufacturing industry, including non-volatile solvents, fillers, dryers, and disintegrants. Liquisolid characterized by specific instruments such as powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Several liquisolid techniques are described in this review. The liquisolid technique is proven and able to change the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, especially the solubility, drug release, and stability of the formula so that this technique can be a solution for class II and IV BCS pharmaceutical active drug classes.Keywords: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Contact Angle, Solubility, Drug Release, Stability, Liquisolid Technique

The drug delivery system is an attractive field of study since it has several applications in veterinary and human medicine. In the realm of veterinary medicine, the discovery of new routes of administration or new delivery systems to regulate the release of medications is of great importance. Due to the high number of animals and the special issues related to the administration of drugs and their market potential is very large, it is necessary to modify the dosage form to produce an effective and practicable preparation. Cats are the most popular pet in the world, outnumbering dogs by a ratio of three to one. It is vital to understand the prevalent illness patterns and limits of traditional delivery systems to establish appropriate dosage forms for cats. We believe this publication will be of interest to veterinarians and pharmaceutical scientists working in the field.

Whitening creams are cosmetic products applied to the skin to brighten or alter skin tone. The use of retinoic acid and hydroquinone without medical supervision is prohibited under Indonesian Food an Drug Authority (BPOM) regulations, as these are classified as prescription drugs that may cause harmful side effects with long-term use, such as skin irritation, dryness, burning sensation, and teratogenic effects. Unfortunately, these substances are still misused in some facial whitening products. This study aimed to identify the presence and determine the concentration of retinoic acid and hydroquinone in facial whitening creams sold in Ujung Berung Market, Bandung City. Samples were selected using purposive sampling with the criteria of being low-cost and without a registration number. A total of four cream samples were analyzed qualitatively using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with a mobile phase of acetone:n-hexane (4:6), and quantitatively using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Absorbance measurements for retinoic acid and hydroquinone were performed at wavelengths of 324 nm and 300 nm, respectively. TLC results showed that two samples, B and D, tested positive for retinoic acid with Rf values of 0.52 and 0.55, respectively, exhibited dark blue spots similar to the standard. The result of hydroquinone analysis using TLC was unidentified. Quantitative analysis revealed that sample B contained the highest retinoic acid concentration (0.077% w/w), while sample A had the highest hydroquinone concentration (0.604% w/w). These findings suggest that some facial whitening creams sold in Ujung Berung Market still contain unauthorized levels of retinoic acid and hydroquinone, highlighting the need for stricter regulation and public awareness.

SeDem System is a new system that can be applied in solid dosage form preformulation studies of medicines. It have parameters to evaluates critical quality attributes of materials that have an impact on final drug product’s quality. SeDeM studies could be used as a method for identifying the best excipient and calculating the maximum amount of excipient required for formulation. SeDeM method can , providing formulation with the lowest amount of excipients as it combines the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) with only one excipient and the standard formula of lubricants, thus avoiding the used of unnecessary excipients, such as diluents, binders and agglutinants. The information given by the SeDeM system contributes to a quality by drug design development.Keywords: SeDeM System, Excipients

Thisreviewarticlefocusesontechnologytransferinthepharmaceuticalindustry,specifically discussingits importance,guidelines, process, and documentation intheIndonesiancontext.Thepurposeis toprovideadetailedunderstandingoftechnologytransfer from drug discovery to product development, including the reasons for its utilizationanditssignificanceinthepharmaceuticalsector.Themethodologyemployedforthisreview involvedsearching onlineliterature throughplatformssuchasScienceDirectandGoogleScholarusingkeywordslike"TransferTechnology"and "Pharmaceutical Development." Thefindings of the primary sources emphasizethecrucialroleoftechnologytransferinfacilitatingthegrowth ofthepharmaceuticalindustry. Itenables theavailabilityof essential technologiesin developing countries,promotingaccessibilityandaffordability.Threekeyfactorscontributetoeffectivetechnologytransfer:properplanning,involvementofcapableindividuals,andawell-definedprocess.Successintechnologytransfernecessitatesacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheprocessandtheabilitytopredictitsfutureperformanceaccurately.Furthermore,thearticleemphasizestheimportanceofensuringrobustandeffectivemanufacturingprocessesfordrugsubstancesanddrugproducts.Thisincludesproducingthesesubstancesandproductsincompliancewithregisteredspecifications and adhering to Good Manufacturing Practices Keywords: Transfer technology, Pharmaceutical development, Research and development, Pharmaceutical industry.

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease of the joints that usually treated by NSAID drugs in the long term leading to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders. Glucosamine is a precursor in the formation of progression of joint which have not a significantly side effect. The problem in glucosamine administration occured when it is administered through the oral route resulting in first pass metabolism, while when it is administered via intavena route resulting in insulin resistance. Those problems can be solved by developing glucosamine into nanoglucosamine in order to increase the enzymatic stability which will protect the active ingredient from diminishing by the first pass effect hence the dose can be reduced, consequenlty it will reduce the insulin resistance, and increase the permeation. In this study, the nanoparticles of glucosamine with chitosan polymer and crosslinker alginate was prepared by the ionic gelation method with the principle of continued cross forming polyelectrolyte complexes. This study started from preformulation such as solubility and identify study by FTIR, then the formulations of chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 5:1:1 (volume ratio) with the variation of concentration in the FI (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.08 %: 0.1%: 0.08%) and FII (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.1%: 0.1%: 0.08%). Results of nanoparticle characterization by particle size analyzer in the FI showed the better formula indicating a foggy coloid, no precipitation, the pH was 2.90±0.05, and the percent transmittance was  99.35%. The distribution of particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential for the formula I were 76.0 ± 21.8 nm; 0.300; and -0.30 mV, respectively. It could be concluded that the nanoparticle system of glucosamine can be better prepared from the 0.08% of chitosan, 0.1% of glucosamine and 0.08% of alginate.Keywords: alginate, chitosan, ionic gelation method, glucosamine nanoparticle

The most widely used vitamin A derivative for mild to severe acne is tretinoin. However, it is lipophilic (LogP 6.3). Tretinoin must be transformed into liquid lipids and NLC (nanostructured lipid carriers) based on Apifil® and stabilized by surfactants to address permeability and stability concerns. Heat homogenization and sonication with a sonicator probe were used to formulate tretinoin into NLC. Apifil®, Myritol®, and Chremophore® RH 40 were the materials utilized. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, adsorption effectiveness, and morphological measurements were then used to describe NLC. The characterization results showed that NLC tretinoin has a particle size of <200 nm for 2 measurements over 30 days, a polydispersity index value of 0.5, a zeta potential range of -7 mV to -19.3 mV, and an efficiency entrapment value of >80% for all formulas. Spherical shape emerged from the morphology data. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that tretinoin's nanostructured lipid carriers provide favorable characterization outcomes. Keywords: Diabetes, Metformin HCl, Extended release, Direct compressed,                     Hypromellose, Carboxymethylcellulose natrium.

Antioxidants are substances that can provide endogenous protection and exogenous oxidative stress by capturing free radicals. Many plants are efficacious as antioxidants, namely plants that contain polyphenols, especially flavonoids, so many are formulated as natural antioxidants. Plants such as Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, and Eleutherine bulbosa contain polyphenol compounds, especially flavonoids which are efficacious as natural antioxidants. This research aimed to study antioxidant activity derived from some potential plants using the DPPH method by calculating the IC50 value of each plant extract. This research method starts from the determination process to prove the validity of the plants used, the extraction process using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent, then the antioxidant activity of extracts from each plant was carried out using the DPPH method. This research starts from the determination process to ensure the correctness of the plants used, then the extraction process is carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. After that the antioxidant activity was determined from the four plants using the DPPH method to see the strongest IC50 value among the four plants. IC50 is the concentration of the sample to inhibit 50% of free radicals. The results of IC50 values from ethanol extract of M. calabura leaves, Syzygium cumini leaves, Ocimum basilicum leaves and Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, were 18.72; 63,84; 141.59 and 173.15 ppm. Ethanol extract of M. Calabura has a smaller IC50 value of 18.72 ppm which has a very strong and most powerful antioxidant from the ethanol extract of Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum and Eleutherine bulbosa. Keywords : Antioxidant, Muntingia calabura, Syzygium cumini, Ocimum basilicum, Eleutherine bulbosa, DPPH Method

Astaxanthin has antioxidant activity ten times greater than carotenoids such as -carotene and a hundred times higher than vitamin E. However, its utilization is still limited because its solubility in water is very low which results in low absorption by the skin, resulting in low bioavailability. In this case, to increase the potency of astaxanthin, this research was aimed at the formulation and characterization of astaxanthin nanoemulsions using polysorbate 80 and polyethyleneglycol 400 as a mixture of surfactants with a ratio of 7:1; 8:1 and 9:1 with the method of making a combination of low and high energy emulsification. The data obtained were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for data on the pH of the preparation and the efficiency of adsorption while the pH test during freeze-thaw stability was analyzed by the Wiloxon test. Based on the test results, it was found that the nanoemulsion preparation with the smix 9:1 formula is the most optimum formula among other formulas, which is to produce preparations with quite good characteristics organoleptically and give a light orange color appearance, clear, distinctive smell with a pH value that meets the SNI standard 16-164399-1996 with pH values ranging from 7.13 to 7.15 and based on the centrifugation test gave stable results and had particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential values, respectively, 22.9 ± 9.4 nm, 0.435 and -21. ,4 mV and the value of entrapment efficiency ranges from 93.87% to 94.32%. However, the thermodynamic stability is not good enough. This is indicated by the instability of the preparation during the freeze-thaw test with the results of changes in color, transparency and changes in pH.Keywords: Nanoemulsion, Astaxanthin, Polyethyleneglycol 400, Polysorbate 80, Surfactants

Leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at a  base on potency test of 50%, where the bacteria are the cause of boils. Some of effort to facilitate the use and increase the activity of active substances, then ointments are prepared on a variety of ointment bases. This study aims to prepared Manilkara zapota L leaf extract into ointment formulations, and chosed the best of ointment base formulations that meets the requirements standards for good ointment preparations. The extract was obtained by maceration using ethanol 96%. Ointments are formulated with four different types of ointment bases, which are hydrocarbon base, absorbing base, water removed bases, and water soluble base. The ointment that has been produced is tested for the physical characteristics such as organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadibility, adhesion, and viscosity had been tested on manufactured ointments. The results of this study indicate that leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L can be formulated into ointment preparations, variations in the ointment base affect the physical characteristics of ointment preparations.Keywords: Ointment, Manilkara zapota L Leaf, Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus

Drug discovery in general requires high costs and especially a very long time, which is around 11-16 years. This is because drug development must go through a complete series of research processes to obtain comprehensive data. However, in line with the community's need for the availability of quality drugs, having good efficacy and safety, the development of drug development technology using a computing system is carried out. This is in line with the development of science and collaboration between various disciplines. Approaches that can be used for computational drug discovery include Structure-Based Drug Design and Ligand Based Drug Design which are proven to accelerate and increase the possibility of finding new drugs. This article aims to provide an overview of several approaches to drug discovery development, especially the benefits of computational. The data were collected from 28 primary published journals and 28 supporting literatures. This article discusses the two computational methods, especially from the application aspect which is expected to be useful in the field of drug discovery and development to be more efficient in terms of time and cost. The traditional approach to new drug development takes about 11-16 years but using computational methods can shorten the drug discovery stage to 9-13 years. Keywords: Drug Discovery, Ligand Based CADD, Structure-Based CADD

Sargassum cristaefolium is one of 782 types of seaweed/macroalgae that grows in Indonesia and is known as one of the macroalgae with bioactive compounds having an important role in the development of nutraceuticals for disease prevention and health maintenance. Sargassum cristaefolium extract (SCE) is known for its various beneficial activities such as antimigraine by reducing levels of CGRP and inhibitor of tyrosinase activity in anti-melanogenetics. Nevertheless, due to its hygroscopic viscous extract consistency and fishy odor, a suitable formulation is required to prepare a powder form of SCE and thus could be applied in a suitable dosage form. Our current study aims to develop the extract into suitable powder raw material by applying a solid dispersion technique.  The solid dispersion of SCE was initially prepared by selecting suitable carrier agents such as Aerosil, Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH 101, maltodextrin, and PVP K30 with the extract in a ratio of 1:1, and continued by the combination of the carrier agents. The best powder formula was characterized by its powder characteristic, solubility and powder flow was assessed by its angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner ratio.  The experiment results that the optimum formulation for solid dispersion of SCE was obtained by the combination of SCE:PVP: MCC at a ratio of 1:1:3 with a less fishy smell, and excellent powder properties. The composite mixture was estimated due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group of PVP and the hydroxyl group of SCE’s compound and MCC. In conclusion, solid dispersion of SCE by employing a combination of PVP and MCC can be an alternative to prepared SCE powder with optimum humidity protection and good flowability thus suitable to proceed as solid dosage form.  Keywords: Sargassum cristaefolium, solid dispersion, PVP K30, Microcrystalline                      cellulose PH101

Application of stimuli-responsive star polymers in cancer targeting and drug delivery has been extensively researched because of their several advantages in comparison with their linear counterparts. Functionalization and recombination of various arm architectures of the star polymer are very possible to be conducted to suit various needs. The star polymers could not only load more therapeutic drug due to more arms than linear polymers but also be functionalized with targeted moieties for more targeted delivery. Furthermore, the chains in star polymers could be regulated to produce stimuli-responsive star polymer for cancer targeting. The review article aimed to describe the benefits of star polymers and the types of stimuli-responsive delivery system for cancer targeting. Over the last decade, stimuli-responsive star polymers for cancer targeting using either internal stimuli (e.g., pH, redox, enzyme, hypoxia) or external stimuli (e.g., thermal, ultrasound, light, magnetic) has garnered immense interest for researchers. Possibility to mimic a complex natural phenomenon  could be achieved by incorporating various stimuli-responsive functionalities in the star polymer.

Free radicals are unstable molecules that lose electrons in their outer orbitals. These compounds can be toxins for the human body and cause various degenerative diseases. To avoid this, we need antioxidants. Examples of common sources of antioxidants are turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) and mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.). Both of these plants have very strong antioxidant activity but have a less favorable taste for consumption. This study aimed to obtain tablets containing turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract that can cover the taste with a variety of binders. Subsequently, we observed the antioxidant  activity of two extracts before and after preparation. The tableting method was wet granulation and the characterization included the physical properties of the tablets. The levels of curcumin, alpha mangosteen, and total polyphenols were also checked. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method. Based on the characterization results, NaCMC 5% was the best binder for preparing tablets containing turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract with a flow rate of 11.434 g/s, repose’s angle of 29.39ᵒ, loss on drying of 2.65%, carr’s index of 15.22, hardness of 43N, friability of 0.926%, and disintegration time of 16.44 minutes. The antioxidant test result showed that the combination of turmeric extract and mangosteen rind extract with a ratio of 1:2 had the best antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 31.01 µg/ml, alpha mangosteen level of 29.77%, and curcumin level of 27.22%. The antioxidant activity of the preparation was not changed significantly after tableting. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the tablet formulation of turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract using 5% NaCMC can be potentially used as an antioxidant supplement.

Variations in inhaler leaflet information may affect the understanding of inhalation techniques.We aimed to determine the effectiveness of standardized and package leaflets in describing correct inhaler usage and to identify any existing pitfalls. This prospective, randomized, open-labeled, blinded endpoint study with a 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted in August2019. We included 38 pharmacy students who did not use inhalers and allocated them into 4 groups:  2 groups used standardized leaflets (with 1 and  2 devices, respectively),  while the other  2 groups used package leaflets (with 1 and  2 devices, respectively). The participants were instructed on the essential techniques of using each inhaler and asked to practice using the assigned leaflets until the procedures were completely learned. The primary outcome was evaluated the following day as the score rate (%) of the technique. The effectiveness of leaflets stratified by the number of devices was  tested using a two-way analysis of variance with an interaction term. We compared techniques with different implementation rates between groups to identify potential pitfalls. The differences and 95% confidence interval in the score rate (%) between the groups using standardized or package leaflets were significantly different in the two-device group analysis. The implementation rate of certain instructions between the two-device groups was higher when using standardized leaflets for both devices. Standardized leaflets enhanced the comprehension of inhalation techniques for multiple devices due to their normalized wording. These findings may help improve package leaflets and healthcare professionals' instructions, thereby promoting appropriate inhaled medication use.