Currently, the use of PRP requires a person to visit a skin care clinic by doing a series of treatments directly. Therefore, in order to facilitate the use of PRP, asiaticoside lotion base products containing antioxidants can be used as a PRP product base. asiaticoside antioxidants serve to stabilize PRP when added to the base. This research uses Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Asiaticosida as active substances, Fancor® Uni-Embase as emollient and emulgator, DMDM hydantoin as preservative, and distilled water as carrier. The stages in this research include preparation of tools and materials, lotion base optimization, lotion preparation formulation, addition of active substances, lotion preparation evaluation, physical stability test, and antioxidant activity test. The results of the PRP lotion stability test with asiaticoside for 10 days showed significant results (p<0.05) which means that for 10 days there is a tendency to be unstable. Antioxidant activity test results obtained IC50 results on Asiaticosida of 57.63 µg/mL, on PRP of 196.1 µg/mL, on the base with the addition of Asiaticosida of 77.19 µg/mL, on F0 of 166.90 µg/mL, on F1 of 96.727 µg/mL, on F2 of 88.395 µg/mL, and on F3 of 82.017 µg/mL.Keywords: Lotion, PRP, asiaticoside, Antioxidant

As a type of cosmetic preparation products, cream dosage form is widely used with the addition of active substances having antioxidant activities, such as vitamin C and its derivatives. Sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) can be used in topical formulation due to its more stable properties than ascorbic acid. However, it is difficult to deliver SAP into the dermis in a suficient dose. To overcome the problem, occasionally we can add a penetration enhancer. In some literature, emollients that often added in cosmetic preparations also have another effect as a penetration enhancer. The purpose of this research was to observe wether emollient addition could influence the penetration of SAP in the cream formulation or not. SAP was formulated into four formulations with three different emollients: dimethicone (F1), capric triglyceride (F2), and isopropyl myristate (F3) and a formulation without the addition of emollients (F4). The diffusion test was performed by Franz's diffusion cell method using male wistar rat’s abdominal membrane as a standard model of the skin barrier. The result of stability test showed that SAP cream was stable at room temperature but unstable on freeze thaw condition described by significant different values for all formulas. Nonetheless, the diffusion test showed that F2 with the capric triglyceride as emollient had the highest ability to pass SAP through the membrane, followed by isopropyl miristate. We concluded that emollient addition could influence the penetration of the cream of SAP.Keywords: vitamin c, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbyl phospate, emollient, penetration enhancer

Quercetin derivatives are known to have significant anticancer activity. The activity is strongly influenced by the type and position of the substituent group. By studying the structural pattern of quercetin and its impact on their binding affinity, the development of quercetin-based drugs can be optimized. The study aimed to determine the impact of 3D structure, type, and position of quercetin moiety on its activity against ROS-modulating enzymes that play a role in the induction and growth of ROS-induced cancer. The 23 natural quercetin derivatives were docked to 7 ROS-modulating enzymes using Autodock Vina to determine their binding affinity and interaction. The interaction stability was further studied through molecular dynamics simulation using the CABS Flex 2.0 server. Determination of crucial amino acid targets of the quercetin group was determined using DockFlin. Finally, the toxicity of each test ligand was determined using the pkCSM server. The highest binding affinity for SOD and NOX was produced by quercetin 3'-glucoside with the binding energy of -10.2 and -12.8 kcal/mol. Quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside had the highest binding affinity for CAT and GR at -11.5 and -10.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Routine produced the highest binding affinity at LOX (-10.9). Quercetin 3-O-xyloside and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside had the highest binding affinity in XO with a value of -10.4 kcal/mol. The glucose and prenyl groups are beneficial for quercetin in interacting with all ROS-modulating enzymes except XO. In contrast, the methoxy group negatively affects all interactions of quercetin with receptors. The perfect fit between the binding pocket and the 3D structure of the ligand greatly benefits the ligand in accessing more amino acids in the binding pocket. Their interaction stability and toxicity show that quercetin 3'-glucoside, quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside, and rutin are potent oxidative stress modulators in treating ROS-induced cancer.

The dissolution of tablets is one of a drug absorption determinant. Disintegrant agent has play an important role on determining the dissolution of tablets. In this experiment, the dissolution behaviours of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Tablet was studied using various disintegrant agent such as Low substituted – Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (L–HPC) 21, L–HPC 22 and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) as comparator. Those disintegrant agents were used at three concentration (6%, 7% and 8%) for every tablets formula. Tablets were made by wet granulation method and pressed using single punch 13 mm flat E. Korsch machine. Evaluation of each tablets quality were conducted include for uniformity of weight and size (diameter and thickness), hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution. Physically standards from tablets were in good condition, the standards of the weight and thickness uniformity, hardness and friability met the requirement. The dissolution profile on Acetaminophen Tablets showed that only tablet with 6 % L–HPC 21 did not meet the requirement of FI V (Q = 80%, 30 minutes), but on Ibuprofen Tablets where met the requirement of  FI V (Q = 80%, 60 minutes) only tablet with 8%  L– HPC 21,  7% and 8% SSG. The conclusion of the study was the L–HPC has more disintegrant character at hydrophilic active ingredients. Key words:  Acetaminophen Tablet, Ibuprofen Tablet, SSG, L-HPC 21 and 22, Dissolution Profile

Increasing production in the industry is important to face the current global competition. Therefore, a performance measurement system is needed for the manufacturing process. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method for monitoring and improving the efficiency of manufacturing processes. In this article, overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is described as one of the performance measurement tools that measure different types of production losses and shows areas of process improvement. The analysis is done on how OEE evolved leads to other tools such as the performance of the total equipment effectiveness, such as the effectiveness of production equipment, the effectiveness of the overall plant, and the effectiveness of the asset as a whole. OEE consist of three metric measurement; availability, performance, and quality. Purpose of review articles is to apply these metrics to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of production activity in pharmaceutical industry and to categorize the highly occurence of loss productivity in the production activity that takes place in industry, especially pharmaceutical industry. This review included studies published in ScienceDirect database with the keyword “Lean Manufacturing” and “Overall Equipment Effectiveness”. The results obtained from study of the primary source is the OEE can be used to optimize the production process in the industry, especially the pharmaceutical industry, because this method can produce products efficiently and with the good quality of products that leads to consumer’s satisfactory.

The ophthalmic solutions have a major problem that is the poor bioavailability, such as the attainment of optimal drug concentration at the site of action, which is compromised mainly due to precorneal loss resulting in only small fraction of the drug being ocularly absorbed. This is overcome by developing an in situ ophthalmic gel which increases the retention time of the drug. The present review describes the formulation and evaluation of in situ gel-forming ophthalmic drug delivery system of an anti allergy drug sodium cromoglycate, an anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium and aceclofenac based on the pH triggered concept in situ gelation. All the formulations varies in concentration and the content used. Based on the results obtained, Sodium cromoglycate which has been formulated with gelrite and HPMC E15LV has the highest ocular residence time compared to the other two formulations.Keywords: Ophthalmic in situ gel,sodium cromoglycate, diclofenac sodium,                      aceclofenac, gelrite, HPMC E15LV

Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that has been widely used and has strong efficacy, but the use of warfarin is still a concern because of its narrow therapeutic index which cause interactions when co-administration with drugs, herbs or food. This interaction can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin and the most fatal effect from warfarin interactions is bleeding. In this review article data on warfarin-herbs interactions were collected based on pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-∞, Cmax, T1/2, Cl/F, and V/F), while pharmacodynamic parameters (International normalized ratio (INR), platelet aggregation, AUC INR and Protombine Time). As a result some herbs had significant interactions with warfarin. Herbs that affect warfarin pharmacokinetic were Danshen gegen, echinacea, St. John's wort and caffeine and herbs that affect pharmacodynamic were policosanol, Ginkgo biloba, cranberry, St. John's wort, ginseng, pomegranate, Psidium guajava and curcumin, so co-administration warfarin with herbs need to be considered.Keywords: Warfarin, Interactions, Herbs, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics

Carvedilol is included in the BCS class 2 classification, drugs that have low solubility and high permeability. Drugs with low solubility pose a major challenge for oral drugs in achieving the desired systemic circulation. Moreover, carvedilol is indicated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and hypertension which requires a rapid pharmacological response. A way to increase drug solubility is by forming multicomponent crystals, including solvates, cocrystals, and salts. Cocrystal and salt formation methods are the most frequently used methods in the pharmaceutical field. The multicomponent crystal approach is a process of combining active drug ingredients with other compounds known as coformers which then interact through molecular bonds. Multicomponent crystals provide benefits to improve the physicochemical properties of drugs without affecting their pharmacological properties. In this review, we discuss the multicomponent crystal approach as an effort to increase the solubility and bioavailability of carvedilol. The main reference data used in this review are research journals published in the last 10 years (2012-2022) using the keywords carvedilol, multicomponent crystal, solubility, bioavailability, and using Google Scholar as a database. There is also a discussion on regulation of cocrystals, methods for forming multicomponent crystals, and characterization of multicomponent crystals. The multicomponent crystal approach has promising benefits in increasing the solubility and bioavailability of carvedilol in the body. Keywords: Carvedilol, multicomponent crystal, solubility, bioavailability

Lip balm is a cosmetic product generally used to care for, moisturize, decorate, and protect lips from environmental influences. This study aims to determine the effect of variations inconcentration of cera alba as base on the lip balm physical properties of yellow pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne)ethanol extract. The experimental design used was a pre-experimental one-shot case study. This study employed three formulas with varying concentrations of Cera alba, namely 10% (F1), 15% (F2), and 20% (F3). The physical properties of the lip balm under investigation included homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and hardness. The results showed that the variation concentration of cera alba had affect on adhesion and hardness, while not affect the homogeneity of physical properties and pH. Keywords : Yellow pumpkin, cera alba, lip balm

The pharmaceutical industry produces a various toxic wastes. Generated waste increases the risk of environmental and ecosystem pollution. It is necessary to have proper waste management to prevent waste pollution to the environment. In 1999, WHO published “Guidelines for the Safe Disposal of Unwanted Pharmaceuticals in and after Emergencies”, that contain treatments and safe disposal method, which is appropriate for any country. Many countries had developed and published regulations and guidelines on waste management. This article aimed to review the handling of pharmaceutical industrial waste in five countries in Asia. This review included studies from ProQuest, Crossref, and Google Scholar.  The pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia, India, Japan, Thailand, and China has their own state regulations in order to protect the environment. They also had implemented pharmaceutical industrial waste management following their regulation and guidelines. The method used to treat the waste is similar with WHO guideline. Some factors affecting the country regulations are the insufficient of land and waste management facilities, lack of awareness, low penalties, limited infrastructures, lack of waste testing facilities. The challenge in the future to handle pharmaceutical waste are increasing waste volume, decreasing land for waste management, sewer methods may contaminate water, possible air pollution due to incineration, so it is necessary to have more advanced methods in waste management that are safe for the environment and humans.Keywordz: Industry, Pharmaceutical, Waste Regulation, Asia

Several risk factors for falls during hospitalization have been reported, of which hypnotics have a major influence. Insomnia is often intractable, and many cases are treated with two or more hypnotics; however, there is concern about the increased risk of falls due to the use of multiple hypnotics. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of combining conventional and new hypnotics on the risk of falls. The impact of the concomitant use of hypnotics on the occurrence of fall events was evaluated retrospectively in patients 20 years of age and older received acute care medicine in a university hospital between January 2013 and August 2022. The survey items included age, sex, drug prescription status, whether a fall accident had occurred, and its circumstances. Of the 47,236 eligible patients, 976 experienced a fall accident during hospitalization (fall rate, 2.07%). Logistic regression analysis of the patient population not taking benzodiazepine receptor agonists showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.04), sex (OR, 0.84), and ramelteon use (OR, 3.06) independently contributed to falls. In contrast, in the patient population taking benzodiazepine receptor agonists, logistic regression analysis showed that only age (OR: 1.03) and sex (OR: 0.76) independently contributed to falls. This suggests that ramelteon, suvorexant, and lemborexant, in combination with benzodiazepines, may not increase the risk of falls. Hypnotics with novel mechanisms of action may not increase the risk of fall when combined with benzodiazepine receptor agonists. evaluasi. Keywords: fall risk, hypnotics, acute care hospitals

Indonesia is a country with the largest fishery waste, one of which is fish bones as a source of gelatin. Gelatin is the main protein that makes up skin and bone tissue in animals. This review was compiled to compare the results of isolating gelatin from bone waste in various types of fish. Articles were collected from the website https://scholar.google.co.id/ with "gelatin, gelatin content, gelatin in fish bones, viscosity, pH" in the 2015–2022 period, and 11 journals were obtained. In this literature study, a method for isolating gelatin from fish bone waste will be discussed, followed by an evaluation of the gelatin obtained, including its yield and its physical properties. It is hoped that the results of this review will provide information regarding a new source for gelatin isolation so that gelatin can be widely used by the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and photographic industries, particularly in the pharmaceutical and food industries, which currently require gelatin as a stabilizer and emulsifier so that it can make and maintain the emulsion system.

The first-line pharmacological therapy in type II diabetes patients in people who are overweight and have normal kidney function is metformin. However, metformin with immediate release has been found to have some weaknesses, namely that a maximum dose of 2,000 mg/day requires use 2 to 3 times a day, which leads to a potential patient's non-compliance, in addition to causing disorders in the intestinal tract. To overcome this problem, a formulation was developed that was modified with extended release using the direct compressed method. This study aims to determine the influence of variations in the concentration of hypromellose and carboxymethylcellulose natrium (Na-CMC) matrices in the extended-release of metformin HCl 500 mg to obtain an optimal and similar extended-release system capsule formula to the originator drug, as well as to prove the quality of the selected formula through stability monitoring. This research is expected to produce the optimum formula for metformin HCl capsules extended release and can be applied in the pharmaceutical industry into commercial products.Keywords: Diabetes, Metformin HCl, Extended release, Direct compressed,                     Hypromellose, Carboxymethylcellulose natrium.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a versatile and frequently used material in different industries such as pharmaceuticals production, medical, cosmetics, and food industry.  Its qualities of being inert, economic, compatibility, compatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, good mechanical properties, high surface area, variety and availability of different grades and biocompatibility has made it very popular. Many research has been done on MCC to isolate it from different plant sources that are economical and eco-friendly. MCC is extracted from α cellulose that is abundant in nature as most of MCC is produced from wood. However, new eco-friendly sources with changes in methods of isolation have been applied for the production of MCC. In this review MCC isolated from different plant-based resources, extraction process parameters, the origin of raw material and its influence on critical material attributes of MCC has been outlined and discussed thoroughly. Since these critical material attributes have a significant effect on tablet making process parameters (compressibility, compatibility and etc) and its post-compression characters.Keywords: Microcrystalline cellulose, isolation, characterization, raw material, tablet

The development for ophthalmic delivery was purposed to achieve optimum drug loading for ocular therapeutic benefits. An adequate dose of the drug is needed to absorb in the conjunctival sac to take effect. In situ gel preparation was expected to provide these needs with the polymer aid that makes the droplets suddenly coagulate in the eye area to maintain the drug dose. The in situ gel dosage form is desired to overcome the poor bioavailability of conventional ciprofloxacin HCl eye drops on the market. Thus, this work was studied using two cellulose polymers such as hydroxyl propyl cellulose (HPC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HMPC) as a gelling forming agent.  The effect of the in situ ophthalmic quality of the gel due to the two individual polymers separately and their combined use was investigated. The in situ gel quality includes the ability of gel-forming under the influence of varying temperature and stirring frequency difference (as a rheological study) was tested together with the drug release model model. Other ophthalmic preparation quality parameters such as clarity, pH measurement, drug content determination, sterility, and antibacterial activity have been evaluated. However, overall in situ gel formulation developed was of better quality compared to the conventional one. Consideration of the choice of cellulose derivative polymer type is seen to affect the quality of controlled release kinetics models.Keywords: Ophthalmic gel, Ciprofloxacin HCl, HPMC, HPC, Drug release kinetics

This assessment of a floating drug for a novel of new drug delivery system (NDDS) is written to elucidate FDDS based on existing literature. The most recent progresses of FDDS include the formulation and physiological variables that could affect gastric retention and formulations are discussed in detail. This review also summarizes method assessments for FDDS pharmaceutical dosage form and its classification. FDDS. FDDS is made to increase the absorption of the drug that is expected to dissolve in the stomach so that the drug enters the intestine in a dissolved state and the fraction of the absorbed drug increases. FDDS approach is the best way to deal with drugs with low solubility in the digestive tract.Keywords : Floating Tablet, Evaluation, Gastric Retentive

Free radicals are species of reactive chemical compounds that can cause degenerative diseases. Antioxidants work to deactivate free radicals by binding to these radicals to stabilize the radicals. One of the plants that contain antioxidants is black garlic. This study aimed to obtain the best formula from the preparation of lozenges of black garlic extract using the wet granulation method as an antioxidant supplement. The formula optimization was carried out using a statistical approach with a two-level factorial method using expert design software. The lozenges formula was made using wet granulation method. The granules and tablets were evaluated for its characteristic. Besides, the levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of the extracts and lozenges were also determined. The best formula is F2 obtained from a ratio of gum arabic and starch pregelatin of 3: 5 with a desirability value of 0.922. The Evaluation of black garlic extract granules is eligible, including the moisture content of 2.04%, an excellent flow rate is 18.3 g/s, and good compressibility of 9%. The uniformity of lozenge weight obtained is eligible, which is 3%. The hardness and disintegration time of  9.1 kg and 11.28 minutes, respectively. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of the extract and lozenges was 263 µg/mL and 323.9 µg/mL, respectively. The best formula obtained is with 3% gum arabic and 5% starch pregelatin.Keywords: Antioxidant, Black Garlic, Design expert, Lozenges

Simvastatin is a statin drug used to lower plasma cholesterol in all types of hyperlipidemia. Simvastatin is included in BCS class II with poor solubility.  One of the efforts made to increase the solubility of simvastatin is the formation of co-crystals. Co-crystal is a modified type of crystal habit, which consists of two or more molecules in the same crystal lattice. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best excipient combination formula on the simvastatin co-crystalline tablet with isonicotinamide as a coformer and its comparable dissolution test results. The excipient combination optimization was carried out using a two-level factorial method. The optimized Avicel pH 102 and Primogel produced four combination designs on ready-made formulas, namely F1 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (79:2), F2 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (79:8), F3 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (85: 2) and F4 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (85: 8). The evaluation includes evaluating the mass of the print and the quality of the tablets. The excipient combination design solution in the best formula is Avicel pH 102 and Primogel with a ratio (79: 8). The method used in a comparable dissolution test is to compare the values of F1 (difference factor) and F2 (similarity factor) using BootStrap software. The F2 values observed were 50.3 at pH 1.2, 56.09 at pH 4.5, and 59.23 at pH 6.8, which indicates that the simvastatin co-crystalline tablet has similarities with the innovator tablet. The excipient combination design solution in the best formula is Avicel pH 102 and Primogel with a ratio (79: 8). The method used in a comparable dissolution test is to compare the values of F1 (difference factor) and F2 (equation factor) using BootStrap software. The F2 values observed were 50.3 at pH 1.2, 56.09 at pH 4.5, and 59.23 at pH 6.8, which indicates that the simvastatin co-crystalline tablet has similarities with the innovator tablet.Keywords: Simvastatin, co-crystal, two-stage factorial, comparable dissolution                     test.

Microcrystalline cellulose was isolated from rami (Boehmeria Nivea L. Gaud), and applied as disintegrant in tablets of dimenhydrinate, made by direct compression and wet granulation. The aim of this study is to produce dimenhydrinate tablets with Microcrystalline Cellulose Rami (MCC Rami) isolated from Rami (Boehmeria Nivea L. Gaud), as a disintegrant and assess the effect of MCC Rami and Granulation technique on physical properties of drug such as, disintegration time, drug release and dissolution. Formulations of dimenhydrinate 100mg tablets were prepared with a combination of mannitol and lactose as a filler and MCC Rami as disintegrant in a concentration of 10-20%. The formulas were directly compressed or were compressed into tablets after wet granulation. The mechanical properties, drug release, physical properties and effects of process parameters, methods of applying disintegrant in tablet formulas were examined. A significant difference in disintegration time of tablets that were produced by direct compression and wet granulation was seen, that can be attributed to the porous structure of granules that enhanced fast disintegration, which had eventually improved dissolution and drug release. F1 and F2 with MCC Rami and physical mixture of MCC Rami with crosspovidone as a disintegrant that were directly compressed disintegrated in 79 and 72 seconds respectively thats not a significant difference, however when MCC was applied in an intragranular way its disintegration time is 67 seconds. The results showed that the method of disintegrant application and press of tableting has a significant effect on drug release and dissolution.Keywords : Microcrystalline Cellulose, wet granulation, disintegrant, Boehmeria Nivea L. Gaud.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan ekstrak buah manggis yang disuplementasidengan Cu dan Zn dalam ransum terhadap jumlah eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin, dan nilai hematokrit ayam sentul fase layer. Penelitian menggunakan 40 ekor ayam sentul betina, dan dipelihara dari umur 28 minggu sampai 35 minggu yang bertempat di Test Farm Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Padjadjaran. Analisis Sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Fisiologi Ternak dan Biokimia, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Padjadjaran. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan terdiri dari lima macam dengan empat ulangan, yaitu, P0 = ransum basal, P1 = ransum basal+60 mg/kg ransum ekstrak kulit manggis + Cu 0,3 mg dan Zn 2,4 mg; P2 = ransum basal+120 mg/kg ransum ekstrak kulit manggis + Cu 0,6 mg dan Zn 4,8 mg; P3= ransum basal+180 mg/kg ransum ekstrak kulit manggis + Cu 0,9 mg dan Zn 7,2 mg; P4= ransum basal+240 mg/kg ransum ekstrak kulit manggis + Cu 1,2 mg dan Zn 9,6 mg. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kulit manggis yang disuplementasi Cu dan Zn memberikan pengaruh tidak berbeda nyata (P>0.05). Disimpulkan bahwa, penambahan ekstrak kulit manggis yang disuplementasi dengan Cu dan Zn mampu mempertahankan jumlah eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin, dan nilai hematokrit berada pada kisaran normal